Functional Anatomy of the Upper Body

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Functional Anatomy of the Upper Body

Shoulder Complex

Bones

Clavicle

sternal head

conoid tubercle

Trapezoid lie

Vertebral Body

Humerus

Greater & Lesser Tubercle

Scapula

GH Fossa

corocoid

Supraspinatus & Infraspinatus Fossa

Ligaments

GH Ligament

Provides stability and helps prevent dislocating anteriorly

SGHL, MGHL, IGHL

AC Ligament

Provides stability. Helps prevent the collarbone from moving too far back

Acromioclavicular & Coracoclavicular ligament

Brachial Plexus

Dermatomes

Middle of forearm

C8

Pinky Region

Middle finger region

"Guns Up"

Cords

Posterior Cord

Medial Cord

Lateral Cord

Myotomes

T1

Finger Abduction

C7

Actions: Elbow extension, middle finger

C6

Action : Elbow flexion, wrist extension

C5

Action: Shoulder Abduction, external rotation, elbow flexion

C4

C3

C2

Nerves

Nerves Continued

Nerves Associated with the Posterior Cord

Radial N. (C5,C6,C7,C8)

Axillary N. (C5,C6)

Lower Subscpular N.

Upper Subscapular N. (C5,C6)

Nerves Associated with the Lateral Cord

Subclavian N. (C4,C5)

Suprascapular N. (C4,C5,C6)

Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C4,C5)

Nerves Associated with Medial Cord

Medial Antebrachial N. (C8,T1)

Medial Brachialis N. (C8,T1)

Medial Pectoral Nerve (C8,T1)

Innervates both Pectoralis Major & Minor

Musculocutaneous N.

Innervates Biceps & Coracobrachialis

Median N.

C5,C6,C7,C8,T1

Long Thoracic N.

C5,C6,C7

Innervates Serratus Anterior

Axillary N.

C5,C6

Innervates Deltoids & Teres Minor

Ulnar N.

C8,T1

Radial N.

C5,C6,C7,C8

Innervates Triceps

Force Couples

ST Downwards Rotation

Rhomboids, Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Minor

ST Upward Rotation

Upper Trapezius, Lower Trapezius, & Serratus Anterior

GH Abduction

Supraspinatus & Middle Deltoid

Anterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles & Scapulohumeral Muscles

Deltoid

Innervation Axillary N. C5,C5

Clavicular Actions: Flexes and medially rotates arm

Spinal Actions: Extends and laterally rotates

Acromial Actions: abducts arm

Teres Minor

Innervated by the Axillary N. C5,C6

Actions: laterally Rotates arm

Subscapularis

Innervated by the upper and lower Subscapularis N. (C5,C6,C7)

Actions: Internally rotates arm

Pectoralis Minor

Innervated by the medial Pectoral N. C8,T1

Actions: Externally rotate arm, and Depression of arm

Innervated by the long thoracic N. (C5,C6,C7)

Actions: Upwards Rotation, and protraction

Subclavius

Innervated by the Subclavian N (C5,C6)

Actions: Depresses clavicle and anchors it

Pectoralis Major

Innervated by the medial & lateral pectoral N. , Clavicular head (C5,C6), Sternocostal head (C7,C8,T1)

Actions: Medially rotates arm & adduction

Teres Major

Innervated by the Lower Subscapular N. (C5,C6)

Actions: helps Adduct arm and medially rotates arm

Infraspinatus

Innervated by the Supraspinatus N C4,C5

Actions: Laterally rotates arm

Supraspinatus

Innervated by Suprascapular N. C4,C5,C6

Actions: Initiates upward movement of arm and assists deltoid abduct the arm

Muscles Acting on Scapulothoracic Joint (ST)

Lower Trapezius, Pectoralis Minor, Subclavius

Upper Traperzius, Rhomboids, Levator Scapulae

Protraction

Serratus Anterior

Retraction

Lower and middle Trapezius & Rhomboids

Downward Rotation

Rhomboids & Pectoralis Minor

Upwards Rotation

Upper and middle Trapezius, Serratus Anterior

Muscles Acting on GH Joint Internal Rotation

Latissimus Dorsi, Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Subscapularis, Teres Major

Muscles Acting on GH Joint External Rotation

Posterior Deltoid, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor

Muscles Acting on GH Adduction and Extension

Teres Major, Pectoralis Major, Head of Triceps , Posterior Deltoid, Latissimus Dorsi

Muscles Acting on GH Abduction & Flexion

GH Muscles: Biceps (long head), Coracobrachialis, Anterior & middle Deltoid

ST Muscles: Trapezius & Serratus Anterior

Rotator Cuff Muscles: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis

Spine Muscles

Extrinsic Back Muscles

Intermediate

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Actions: Depresses the ribs for exhalation

Innervated by the Anterior Rami N. of T9-T12

Serratus Posterior Superior

Innervated by the intercostal N. 2-5

Actions: Expands ribs (inhalation)

Superficial

Trapezius

Actions: Ascending Trap. elevates the scapula Descending Trap. depresses the scapula. Middle Trap. does retraction

Innervated by the spinal accessory n. & cervical n. C3,C4

Latissimus Dorsi

Innervated by the Thoracodorsal N. C6,C7,C8

Actions: Adduction, Downward rotation

Rhomboid Major & Minor

Innervated by the Dorsal Scapular N. C4,C5

Actions: Rotates scapula & glenoid cavity interiorly

Levator Scapulae

Actions: Elevate the scapula

Innervated by Dorsal Scapular N. C4,C5 & Cervical C3,C4

Spine Movements

Extension

Rotatores (back) , Semispinalis & Interspinalis, Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis (head and neck), Splenius Capitis & Splenius Cervicis (head and neck) Latissimus Dorsi (arm)

Depression

Serratus Posterior Inferior (ribs)

Trapezius Rhomboids (scapula)

Elevation

Trapezius, Levator Scapula , Rhomboids (Scapula)

Serratus Posterior Superior & Levator Costarum (ribs)

Flexion

Splenius muscles, iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis, and rotatores

Intrinsic Back Muscles

Superficial

Splenius Capitis & Cervicis

Bilateral Actions : Extension of neck & head

Unilateral Actions: Lateral flex the neck and rotate the head to one side to active muscle

Intermediate Muscles

Erector Spinae

Iliocostalis, Longissimus, & Spinalis

Bilateral Actions: extension of the head , neck, back

Unilateral Actions: laterally flexes the vertebral column

Deep Minor

Levator Costarum

Innervated by the posterior rami of C8-T11 spinal n.

Actions: Elevating the ribs & lateral flexion of vertebral body

intertransversarii

Innervated by the anterior and posterior rami

Actions: Stabilize the vertebral body, flexion

Infraspinales

Actions: Extension of the vertebral column and rotation

Deep

Semispinalis

Actions: Extends the head and neck. Rotates them contralaterally

Rotatores

Innervated by the Dorsal Rami

Actions: Stabilizes the vertebral body, extends the vertebral body, and rotates it as well.

Multifundus

Innervated by Dorsal Rami

Actions: Stabilizes the vertebral body & extends the neck