Organigram

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Tree organigram

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Evidence For Evolution

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Darwin's Evolution

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Tree Gazing

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Universal Ancestor

• DNA as genetic storage

Archea/Eukarya

• Presence of histones

Eukarya

• Presence of membrane bound organelles
• Presence of membrane bound nucleus
• ester bonds in cell membrane

Unikonta

• Primary Plastid

Opisthokonta

• single posterior flagellum on swimming cells

Ancestor of fungi/Animals

• Multicellular
• Absorptive Heterotrophs

Animals

• Mobility
• Complex organ System
• Gametic life cycle

Porifera

• No Symmetry
• No Tissue

Eumetazoa

Cnidaria

• Radial Symmetry
• Diploblasty

anthozoa

• Polyps
• Sessile

• Medusa and polyp
• Mobile

scyphozoa

• Large Medusa
• Cells present in Mesoglea
• More Tentacles
• More Complex
• Large Amounts of mesoglea

hydrozoa

• Small Medusa
• Low amount of mesoglea
• Less tentacles
• Colonial Stage

Bilateria

• Bilateral Symmetry
• Tripoblasty
• cephalization

Deuterostomia

• Radial/Indeterminate Cleavage
• Blastopore becomes anus

Chordata

• Notochord
• Hollow Dorsal nerve cord
• Pharyngeal Slits
• Post-anal tail

vertebrata

• Vertabral column
• Cranium

Agnathans

• Jaws
• Bony Skeleton

Chondrichthyes

• Lung/Lung Derivatives

Ray finned fishes

Coelocanths

• Limbs with digits

Lungfishes

Amphibia

• Amniotic egg

Reptilia

Mammalia

• Hair
• Milk

urochordata

• Larva is free swimming

cephalochordata

• Elongated body

Echinodermata

• Water Vascular System

holothuroidea

• Lack of arms
• Single gonad
• sedimentery feeders

Echinoidea

• Have a Globoid shape without any arms are feature of sea urchins

asteroidea

• Freely Mobile
• tube feet for locomotion

ophiuroidea

• hairy Appearance
• spines on arms/cental disk

Protostomia

• Spiral/Determinate Cleavage
• Blastopore becomes mouth
• Cephalization

Lophotrochozoa

• Trochophore larvae
• Lophotrochozoa

Platyheiminthes

Free living Rhabditophorans

• Lamellested Rhabdites

trematoda

• Unsegemented Body

cestoda

• Hooked Suckers

Mullusca/Annelida

Annelida

Mollusca

Bivalva

• Two Shells

gastropoda

• Muscular Foot

cephalopoda

• Predators that use tentacles

Ecdysozoa

• Ecdysis

Nematoda

Anthopoda

chelicerata

• Have Jaw/Venom
• Cuticle made of Chitin

Ancestor

hexapoda

• Thorax with wings

crustacea

• Compound Eyes

Fungi

• Cell walls
• Zygotic life cycle

Amebozoa

• movement with pseudopodia (Lobes)

Archaeplastida

• Secondary Plastid
• Diffusion through osmosis

Charophytes

• Zygotic life cycle

Plants/Ancestral Green Algae

• Sporic Life cycle
• Embryo
• Dessication Resistant Spores
• Apical Meristems
• Gametangia
• Sporangia

Liverworts

Extinct Ancestor

Mosses

Hornworts

• Lignin
• Xylem/Phloem
• Dominant Sporophyte Generation
• Thick waxy Cuticle
• Stomata

Lychophytes

• Leaves

Monilophytes

• Megaphylls

Ancestor of Gymnosperm/Angiosperm

• Pollen
• Seed
• Heterospory
• wood
• Ovules

Angiosperm

• Fruit
• Flowers
• Endosperm
• Ovaries

Gymnosperm

Subtopic

SAR Clade

• primary plastid

Alveolata/Stramenopila

• Secondary Plastid

Stramenopila

• Tripartile flagellar hair

Alveolata

• Membranous vesicle on cell membrane

Rhizaria

• Filose pseudopodia

Excavata

• Feeding Groove
• Secondary Plastid

Archaea

• Ether bonds in cell membrane

Bacteria

• Presence of Peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Ester bonds in cell membrane