U.S & World War I

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U.S & World War I

Workers & Economy

Great Migration

African Americans moved from rural South to Northern cities

over 6 million

1916-1970

Women's War Efforts

about 1 million women entered the workforce during WWI

many left jobs after war ended

took on traditional women jobs

volunteer positions to help sell bonds

teachers

took on traditional men jobs during war

built ships and airplanes

factories

docks

built railroads

National War Labor Board

set policies that improved working conditions

equal pay for women

suported labor unions

8 hour work day

judged disputes between workers and management

about 1,200 cases resolved, including 700,000 workers

kept disruptions to a minimum

1918

Fuel Administration

Harry Garfield was leader

"heatless Mondays"

"gasless Sundays"

introduced daylight savings time

extend daylight hours for those who worked long shifts in the factories

make sure the military needs for fuel could always be met

Food Administration

prohibition on alcohol

18th Amendment

1919

banning the "manufacture, sale, or transportation" of alcohol in the U.S

increase the production of crops and conserve existing food supplies for the military and Allies

"Food Can Win the War"

"Wheatless Wednesdays"

"meatless Mondays"

led by Herbert Hoover

War Industries Board

military first, then civilians

increased American industrial production by about 20 percent

authority to regulate all materials needed in the war effort

led by Bernard Baruch

Wall Street businessman

Liberty Bonds

sparked national debt to increase

more than $20 billion of U.S debt was owed to Americans

a loan from American people to federal government

government needed to borrow money from civilians to pay for the war

War Revenue Act of 1917

very high taxes and taxed the wealthiest Americans as much as 77% of annual income

increased federal revenues by 400 percent within two years

The Military

Fighting

Second Battle of the Marne

U.S blew up every bridge the Germans had built across the Marne

Germans retreated on August 3

suffered around 150,000 casualties

July 15,1918

Battle of Belleau Wood

June 1918

8,000 causualties

America's bloodiest battle

Women

navy or marines

bookkeepers or typists

nurses

serve overseas as switchboard operators

kept communications open between front lines and headquarters of the army

Segregation

Latinos assigned menial tasks instead of combat

only a few black men were trained for combat with guns

African Americans soldiers were segregated into divisions and trained in separate camps

Training

Intense

pretended to ride wooden barrels

practiced with wooden sticks

soldiers spent days learning military rules and practices

Not prepared

supplies were not readily available

soldiers slept in tents

Selective Service Act

Congress passed

May 18,1917

men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the armed forces

Some men wanted to be conscientious objectors

These men faced prison when their requests were rejected

Many men volunteered

Public Opinion

Red Scare

widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism

because of Russian Revolution

Bolsheviks rebelled against territory within their own country

Schenck v. United States

Schenk printed and distributed over 15,000 leaflets opposing government war policies

Argued the conviction as a violation of constitutional rights to free speech

Supreme Court upheld Schenck's conviction

Sedition Act

illegal for Americans to criticize government, flag, or military

over 1,000 people jailed over these laws

many citizens believed this violated the 1st amendment

Espionage Act

1917

punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty

Committee on Public Information

created propaganda to influence opinions

some violence and discrimination resulted

made Americans anti-German everything

changed sauerkraut to be "liberty cabagge"

German language stopped being taught

created a stigma around American Germans

made Americans support the war effort

George Creel heads the CPI