Enzymes

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Floating topic

Enzymes

Cell transportation

the movement of substances through a cell membrane, either into or out of the cell

Cell membrane

Cell membranes are made of phospholipids with a polar head and a non polar hydrophobic tail.

Biochemistry

the molecular structure of molecules and how that relates to function

proteins

carbohydrates

polysaccharide

glycogen

starch

more than two joined together

disaccharide

contains 2 monosaccharides

monosaccharide

hydrophilic, polar due to a hydroxly group and has a sweet taste

one sugar

for ATP, the glucose and for building ceellulose walls

carbon and water

lipids

wax

steroid

Chloesterol

carbon skeleton 4 interconnected rings

Phospholipids

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group

a non polar hydrophobic tail

a polar hydrophilic head

a micelle shape, with polar heads facing out and non polar tails facing in

Fat

consists of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains

monounsaturated, saturated or polystaurated, they also have a kink

used as a source of energy when your glucose is low and are used for long term storage

insulation, protection for internal organs, is what forms the organlles and cell membranes

In Homeostasis, in the Urinary system, the proximal tubule has cell transport or diffusion. There are microvilli that diffuse nutrients such as salt and glucose into the bloodtsream.

Homeostasis. Is a state where your body has a balance between you pyshcila and chemical conditions.

Nervous system

Endocrine system

Urinary system

The urinary system gets rid of metabolic waste, regulates blood pH, blood pressure and osmoregulation

Urethra

Bladder

Your bladder hold your pee/urine

Ureter

Kidney

Your kidney is where the urea is filtered and turned into urine, a less toxic chemical.

urea is too toxic for our bodies to keep, which is why we change it into uric acid, which is still bad but better the=an urea

renal pelvis

It is hollow and connects the kidney to the ureters

cortex

Outer layer

medulla

the inner layer found beneath the cortex

are millions of nephrons

bowmans capsule

the glomerulus

nephrons are a structure that is responsible for the filtering of blood and removing nutrients from pee and excreting waste.

Reabsorption

The filtrate moves to the proximal tubule. The tubule has microvili on the walls to absorb all nutrients such as salst and proteins and water back into our bloodstream.

Filtration

The glomerulus has blood enter. The glomerulus walls are impermeable to large particles. Much of the nutrients and water need to be reabsorbed. It passes to bowman's capsule.

Osmosis. The movement of a solvent through a selectivly permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concetration.

Structure and function

The structure often plays a role in the function of the object. They are made in a way that helps with the function.

In the nephron, the glomerulus is knotted and this is to increase pressure, helping the filtration

DNA has the structure of two strands. This helps with the function of cell division when the helix splits in half.

In Molecular genetics, each mRNA codon has a complementary tRNA codon that fits perfectly with the mRNA. Only those two cat fit.

Molecular genetics

Protein synthesis

transalation

it means to translate it into a language we understand

transcription

it means to make a copy of the information

DNA replication

an enzyme called helicase starts unwinding the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bond between the complementary base pairs. As the strands separate they form a Y shape which is the replication fork

then topoisomerase relieves tension in the DNA strands to untangle the strands

we have single stranded binding proteins which keep the two strands from annealing by stabilizing the strand.

RNA primase beings the replication process by building small complementary RNA segments at the beginning of the replication fork

DNA polymerase lll starts adding DNA nucleotides to the RNA primers.

DNA polymerase removes RNA nucleotide one at a time and then ligase acts as glue and catalyzes the reaction to put everything together

Molecular genetics is looking at the structure of DNA, the process of DNA replication, protein synthesis, which enzymes help and how the structure if changes will cause a mutation

leading starnd

everything is in the direction of the replication

a lagging strand

In Metabolism, the Mitochondria has folds in the intermembrane called cristae, which increase surface area for chemical reactions.

Metabolism

all chemical reactions in living organisms, it's how we make energy

chemical transformations

energy transformations

glycolysis

the ETC

is an electron transport chain that carriers electrons from complexes to acceptors by redox reactions

electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2

hydrogen atoms are transported across membrane

photosynthesis

when plants use oxygen water and sunlight to create energy in the form of sugar

Subtopic

light dependant

thermodynamics

energy transformations

energy transformation

chemical transformation

potential energy

The Kreb cycle, in which ATP is made inside the mitochodria.

2 pyruvate and NADH are sent from cytoplasm to mitochondria through active transport

it goes under pyruvate oxidation, in which we end up with 2 NAD+ reduced to NADH

Acetyl CoA is made, this is also called the citric cycle because it makes citric acid