Myocardial Infarction (MI)

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Heart attack or MI is when blood can't get to some heart parts. It happens when arteries have plaque or a clot, blocking blood flow. Without quick treatment, heart muscle dies, causing big problems or death.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Prevention

Stress reduction

Blood pressure and cholesterol management

Subtopic

Smoking cessation

Regular exercise

Healthy diet (low-fat, low-sodium)

Complications

Sudden cardiac arrest

Pericarditis

Cardiogenic shock

Heart failure

Arrhythmias

Treatment

Medications

Beta-blockers ACE inhibitors Statins Antiplatelets (e.g., clopidogrel)

Reperfusion

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Thrombolysis

Immediate:

Aspirin, nitroglycerin, oxygen therapy, morphine

Diagnosis

Imaging

Echocardiogram

Coronary angiography

Blood Tests: Elevated cardiac biomarkers (e.g., troponins) confirm heart muscle damage.

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Identifies abnormal heart rhythms or patterns of ischemia.

Risk Factors

Non-Modifiable

Gender (men have a higher risk, though women often experience worse outcomes)

Family history of heart disease

Age (higher risk in men over 45 and women over 55)

Modifiable

Sedentary lifestyle

Obesity

Diabetes

High cholesterol

High blood pressure

Smoking

Symptoms

Other Signs

-Nausea or vomiting -Cold sweats -Lightheadedness or dizziness -Fatigue (especially in women)

Shortness of Breath: Often occurs alongside chest discomfort.

Radiating Pain: May spread to the arms, neck, jaw, shoulder, or back.

Chest Pain or Discomfort: Often described as pressure, tightness, or heaviness, lasting more than a few minutes.

Causes

Other rare causes: Coronary artery dissection or embolism.

Blood clot: Often forms at the site of a ruptured plaque, fully blocking an artery.

Coronary artery spasm: Temporary tightening of a coronary artery, restricting blood flow.

Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque (fat, cholesterol, and other substances) in coronary arteries, leading to blockages.