Body Systems

Pumps blood around the bodyFour chambers:Right AtriumRight VentricleLeft AtriumLeft VentricleCO2 rich blood enters right atrium --> Right Ventricle --> Pulmonary artery --> Lungs to exchange CO2 for O2O2 rich blood returns to heart at left atrium --> Left ventricle --> Aorta --> Body to provide O2 to cells and take CO2

Carry blood away from heartUsually O2 rich except for pulmonary arteryMore muscular than other vesselsHigh pressure as a result of immediate force of pumping from heart, muscular structure prevents rupturing

Carry blood back to the heartThinner layer of muscleLess force in these blood vessels, can result in backflowValves prevent backflow of bloodBackflow contaminates O2 rich blood with CO2 rich

Exchange of gasses occurs hereOnly one cell thick, allowing for diffusion of gassesAt body cells, O2 is given to the cells and CO2 is collectedAt lungs, O2 is drawn into red blood cells and CO2 is diffused into alveoli

Bind oxygen and small concentrations of carbon dioxide

Defend the body from invadersKeep information about previous illnesses/infections and how to treat them for future encounters

Induce blood clotting in damaged blood vesselsAllow for healing of blood vessels via mitosis

Mainly composed of waterCarries dissolved materials such as nutrients and waste

Air enters through the nose and mouthPasses through sinuses to be filter and heated when breathed through nose

Home to the vocal cordsUse air to vibrate and create sound

Major trunk of respiratory systemHas cartilage rings and ciliated cells

Trachea branches into two passages

Branches on branches on branches

Small, grape-like air sacs that are one cell thickHave higher concentration of O2 than capillaries, leading to diffusion of O2 into capillaries

Blood vessels that are one cell thickBring CO2 rich blood to alveoli to be exchanged for O2

Teeth mechanically digest foodSaliva and enzymes chemically digets foodFood balled up into bolus

Peristalsis moves food from mouth to stomachEpiglottis covers trachea to prevent choking

Major location of digestionMechanical digestion --> ChurningChemical digestion --> Stomach acidStomach protected from its own acid by mucus liningBreaks in lining lead to ulcers

Major location of nutrient absorptionSurface area increased exponentially by villi and microvilliBlood vessels in villi carry water-soluble nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteinsLymph vessels in villi carry water-insoluble nutrients such as fatsIlleumDuodenumJejunum

Reabsorbs water from the digested foodHas trillions of bacteria that support reabsorption

Stores waste until ready for excretionWhen full, signals to the brain that you need to relieve yourself

Last stop, everybody out!

Bicarbonate prevents stomach acid from damaging small intestine as food enters by neutralizing acidPancreatic enzymes help to digest food further

Produces bile which helps keep fats separatedBile sent to Gall Bladder for storage

Stores bile until food enters small intestine