Intro to Cell & Mole

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CELL DIVISION (:

luonut Siti Aishah

PLANET EARTH

luonut md Afif Jazimin

CELL DIVISION (:

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ANIMALS CLASSIFICATION

luonut Sònia Pérez Sánchez

Chapter 15

Golgi Apparatus

an organelle that acts as a mid way station for proteins

Dynamin

another protein that assists in vesicles formation

Transmembrane Protteins Stop transfer sequence

contains an additional hydrophobic stops the protein transfer through membrane

Ran - GTP

binds to nuclear import protein which allows release of the protein

nuclear import receptors

shuttle the protein across the membrane

Nuclear pores

where proteins and molecules can enter and leave the nucleus

The ER

CONTAINS UNIQUE SIGNAL SEQUENCE

Protein movemment

transport from the cytosol into nucleus movement across membrane bound organelles

translation

polypeptide chains are synthesized by free ribosomes

Chapter 16

Positive Feedback Negative Feedback

more activating once activated activator is turned off once enough are activated

Cyclic AMP

Lead to gene expression by activating other proteins

Acetylocholine

induces different responses in multiple cells

3 type of cell surface receptors

ion channel G-protein Enzyme

Endocrine Paracrine Synaptic Contact Dependent

Long distance signaling local signaling between nerve signaling Short range signaling

Calmodium

Targets Ca2+/CDPK

Enzyme coupled receptors

when activated found in dimers phosphorylate each other other proteins can now bind kinase domains pho

Floating topic

Chapter 18

Apoptosis

Microtubules

Aster, Kinetochore,Interpolar

cyclin dependent kinases

Interphase

Prophase, Metaphase Anaphase, Telophase Cytokinesis

G0, G1,G2,S phases

Cell growth and chromosome duplication

Chromosome Segregation

Cell Division

Chapter 19

Sexual Offspring

mixing of DNA resulting in offspring

Asexual Reproduction

genetically identical offspring

Bivalent Chromosomes

pairs that line up during meiosis

Mitosis

produces two identical diploid cells

Meiosis

produces four haploid cells that are not identical

Crossing over

non sister chromosomes on bivalent chromosomes Causes genetic variation

Chapter 20

Undergo angiogenesis

Form new blood vessels

Undergo Metastasis

Original tumor easily fragment

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

Lack differentiation: Cells are non-specialized Cells are immortal-enter cell cycle repeatedly Have abnormal nuclei Cells enlarged Abnormal # of chromosomes Extra copies of genes Don’t go through apoptosis Form Tumors

CANCER

1 in 5 people die from cancer (USA) Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of a tissue,metastasis

Therapeutic Cloning

Crispr is an example of a process to use for gene therapy

Stem Cells

Order of freedom: Totipotent>Pluripotent>Multipotent

Tissue turnover rate

Once nervous cells are born they never die of Intestinal cells turnover every 3-6 days Bones take about 10 years

Tissue Communication:

Cell Communication-ex neurons Selective Cell Adhesion- ex: epithelial sheets Cell memory- ex. Replication