Protozoa

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Protozoa

Nutrition

amoebas phagocytize and digestion is in vacoules--waste out thru anal pore or PM

ciliates wave food to special opening called cytosome

pellicle--special covering

need lots of water

in intestines anaerobic growth

mostly aerobic heterotrophs

Medically Important Phlya of Protozoa

Euglenozoa

hemoflagellates

T. cruzi: Chagas' Disease--"kissing bug" b/c is bites on face

T. brucei gambiense: tsetse fly transmission

Trypansoma: African Sleeping sickness

long slender bodies with undulating membrane

blood parasites

Euglenoids

can photosynthesize

some are facultative chemoheterotrophs

red eye spot to sense light

move by flagellum at anterior end

pellicle

photoautotrophs

Ciliophora

Alveolata

not sure why this info goes here...

same rRna sequences

they all have membrane-bound cavities under the cell surface

ciliates, apicomplexans, and dinoflagellates may be placed here

Balantidium

cysts are ingested by host and enter large intestine

causes severe dysentry

human parasite (only ciliated one)

ciliates--cilia arranged in precise rows

Apicomplexa

Chryptosporidium

respiratory and gall bladder infections

human parasite

Tocoplasma gondii

congenital defects in uetero

trophozoites--called tachyzoites repro sexually and asexually in cat--oocytes w/sporozoites excreted

human parasite from domestic cats

Babesia microti

transmitted by tick

fever and anemia in immunosuppressed

red blood cell parasite

Plasmodium: malaria

human--intermediate host--where asexual stage occurs

mosquito--definitive host--where sexual stage occurs

8. oocytes rupture and send sporozoites to mosquitos saliva---then they bite a human

male and female gametocytes join to form zygote--oocyte formed--divides into asexual sporozoites

7. picked up by bite of another mosquito---enter mos. intestine and begin sexual cycle

6. red blood cells rupture and release merozites...waste products that cause fever are released

5. ring stage enlarges and divides repeatedly

4. young trophozoite look like a ring in which the nucleus and cyto are visible--ring stage

3. merozoites enter bloodstream and infect red blood cells

2. undergo schizogony in liver cells and produce progeny called merozoites

1. sporozite (infect stage) injected into human and carried to liver

sexual reproduction in Anopheles mosquito

complex of special organelles at tip that penetrate host

obligate intracellular parasites

nonmotile in mature form

Amoebozoa

Balamuthia: brain abcesses

Acanthamoeba: in water can cause blindness

E. dispar: nonpath in human and is most common

Entamoeba histolytica: only path. amoeba in humans

lectins attach to galactose on PM and cause cell lysis

move by extending pseudopods

Microspora

obligate intercellular parasites

no microtubules

Archaezoa

Giardia lamblia: small intestine--excreted in feces as cysts--giardiasis

undulating membrane: membrane bordered by flagellum

Trichomonas vaginalis: human parasite

Subtopic

spindle-shaped with front end flagella

symbiontsi n animals

mitosomes instead

eukaryotes that lack mitochondria

General info

malaria 4th leading cause of death

few cause human disease

normal microbiota of animals

trophozite: feeing and growing stage--feed upon bacteria and small particles

water and soil

chemoheterotrophs

eukaryotic

unicellular

Life Cycle

some form gametes

sexual by conjugation: two cells fuse and haploid nucleus from each cell migrate to the other cell. Haploid micronuclei fuse and parent cells separate each now a fertilized cell

schizogony: multiple fission, nucleus undergoes division before cell divides--cyto surrounds the many nuclei then separates

asexually by fission, budding or schiogony

Encystement

oocyst: phylum Apicomplexa--cells produce asexually

cyst allows parasitic species to live outside of hose

protective capsule called cyst