External Geological Processes and Landscapes

Types of Landscapes

Aeolian Landscapes
(Wind/Air)

Erosional processes
and landforms

Deflation

Rocky deserts or
pavement

Abrasion

Mushroom-shaped
rocks

Depositional landforms

Dunes

Loess

Erosional Landforms
(abrasion)

Horn

Cirques

U-shaped valley

Round lakes (Tarns)

Striation

Depositional Landform

Moraines

Erosional Landforms

Soil Loss

Gullies

Ravines

Gorges

Fairy Chimney

Depositional Landforms

Alluvial fans
or cones

Upper Course

Steep slope, fast flows,
erosion dominat

Landforms

V-shaped Valleys

Waterfalls

Rapids

Gorges

Canyons

Middle Course

Gentler slope, lower velocity

Erosion and deposition are important
Transportation dominant

Landforms

Wide flat-floored valleys

Floodplains and terraces
Fluvial terraces

Meader

Oxbow Lakes

Lower Course

Very gentle slope, very slow flow
Deposition is dominant

Landforms

Delta

Groundwater fills the pores
and grooves in the rocks
forming aquiters

Erosional landforms

Caves

Stalactites
(grow downward)

Stalagmites
(grow upward)

Sinkholes

disappearing Streams

appearing Springs

Ocean water motions

Waves

Tides

Lonhshore Currents

Erosional Landforms

Wave-cut Platforms

Cliffs

Arches

Caves

Sea stacks

Depositional Landforms

Beaches

Deltas

Lagoons

Spits

Tombolos

Processes involved in
Landscape shaping/Landforms

Classes of Weathering

Physical Weathering
e.g. freeze-thaw weathering

Chemical weathering
e.g. Hydrolysis

Biological Weathering
e.g. Roots and Lichens

Types of Weathering:

Landforms created by

Geological Agents:
- Wind/ Air
- Ice
- Liquid Water

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- Energy from the Sun
- Gravity