Methods
according to
Jack C. Richards

Theoretical Foundations

whether a method is primarily based on a theory of language (language-centered) or on a theory of language learning processes (learning-centered)

Language-Centered Methods

Learning-Centered Methods

Adoption and Influence

the reasons why certain methods are adopted and gain influence

"rise and fall of methods"
determined by

a) The Form a Method Takes

b) The Role of Publishers

c) Support Networks

d) Trends in Education

e) The Intellectual Marketplace

Curriculum Development

it highlights the need for a more informed and comprehensive approach to methods issues
(integration with the curriculum or curriculum development)

WHY?

a) Interconnectedness of Curriculum Components

situation analysis

Determines the parameters of a language program

needs analysis

Assesses the language needs of the learners through diagnostic tests

task analysis

Determines the tasks learners will need to perform in the target language

goal setting

Objectives of the program

selection of learning experiences

Develops teaching activities that address the objectives

evaluation

Assesses both the process and the outcomes of the program

b) Accountability and Evaluation

This helps to ensure that the methods used contribute to measurable gains in language proficiency

c) Focus on Broader Educational Goals

Preparing students for real-world language use, meeting specific communicative needs and developing transferable language skills

d) Customization and Flexibility

Meet the specific needs of different learner groups

"Content-Based Methods"

They define and organize
the language content to be taught.
(grammar, vocabulary, functions, or notions)

"Instructional-Based Methods"

They are based on psycholinguistic
theories of how languages are learned.

1. The Syllabus Route

2. The Instructional-Theory Route

Focuses on the content to be taught and its organization within a syllabus

Structural Syllabus, Notional-Functional Syllabus, ESP

The success of a method can be linked to the persuasive power and reputation of its advocates

Support of academics, professional organizations and educational institutions

Methods may gain or lose favor depending on the prevailing attitudes and beliefs within the educational community

Publishers are more likely to support methods that can be turned into marketable products

Emphasizes the process of learning and teaching, based on theories of language acquisition

TPR, Counseling-Learning, The Silent Way

Availability and Accessibility