Concept Map - Cell

The Three Domains of Life

Domain Bacteria

Prokaryotes

Uses operons

Bacterial Cell Structures

Capsules

resistance to phagocytosis

Cell Wall

gives shape & protection

Plasma Membrane

Selectively permeable

nutrient and waste transport

Gas Vacuole

buoyancy for floating

Plasmid

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

Flagella

movement

Fimbriae & Pili

attachment to surfaces

bacterial mating

Nucleoid

localization of DNA

Inclusion Bodies

storage of carbon, phosphate
& other substances

Periplasmic space

contains hydrolytic enzymes
& binding proteins

Endospore

Remain viable in harsh conditions

peptidoglycan

rigid mechanical support

cytoplasm

Domain Archaea

Prokaryotes

Bacteria

Domain Eukarya

Eukaryotes

Animal Cells

Animal Cell Structures

Cell Membrane

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes

Nucleus

Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell

ER

Smooth

without ribosomes

Rough

with ribosomes

Golgi

responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products.

Lysosomes

enzyme sacs, that digest cellular wastes.

microtubules

hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell

protein tranport

Mitochondria

Most energy is released by respiration here

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis happens here

Nucleolus

within nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes

Nucleopore

tiny holes in the nuclear membrane that allow transport of nucleic acids and proteins

Plant cells

Plant Cell Structures

Cell Wall

Structural support and prevents plant from bursting
Some secondary walls with lignin

Cell membrane

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Plastids

Carry out photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

Capture light and makes food for the plant

Light reaction

Calvin Cycle

Vacuoles

Stores large amounts of liquid

Turgid at normal level

Cytosol

Medium for suspension

Nucleus

Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell

Mitochondria

Most energy is released by respiration here

Golgi

responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis happens here

Secretory pathway

sent out of cell

ER

Smooth

without ribosomes

detoxification

Rough

with ribosomes

secretory pathway

Bonds

Hydrogen

Sharing of H atom

Van der Waals Interaction

Interaction of electrons of nonpolar substances

Hydrophobic Interaction

Interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances

Ionic

Attraction of opposite charges

Covalent

Sharing of electron pairs

DNA and RNA structure

DNA

Deoxyribose: hexose sugar

Nucleotides

Cytosine

Adenine

Guanine

Thymine

RNA

Nucleotide

Uracil

Guanine

Adenine

Cytosine

Ribose suger: pentose

Molecules and macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Form fits function

Glycogen

Used for energy storage in animal cells: highly branched helix

Cellulose

Used for structural support in cell walls of plants and algae: parallel strands joined by hydrogen bonds

Strarch

Energy storage in plants: unbranched helix

Synthesis and breakdown of polymers

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

Removes a water molecule and forms a new bond

Hydrolysis

Adds a water to break a bond

Proteins

Amino Acids

Main chain

Carboxyl Group

Amino group

Side chain

20 Amino acids

Nonpolar

Alanine

Valine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Proline

Tryptophan

Isoleucine

Leucine

Glycine

Basic

Arginine

Histidine

Lysine

Acidic

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

Polar

Serine

Cysteine

Asparagine

Glutamine

Tyrosine

Threonine

Denaturation

Active to inactive: unfolding of a protein structure from heat or chemical reaction

Primary structure: sequence of amino acids

Secondary structures: hydrogen bonds between alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

Tertiary structure: bonds in protein folding, disulfide, hydrogen, ionic, Van der Waals

Quaternary structure: Structure maintained by interchain interactions

Disulfide bond

Structures

Beta pleated sheets

Alpha helices

Lipids

Steroids

Testosterone

Cholesterol

rigid in hot temperature

increase fluidity in cold

Unsaturated Fats

Trans

Hydrogens on opposite side

less H

Cis

Has a kink

Hydrogens on same side

Saturated Fats

excess H

Phospholipids

used in cell membrane

Receptor tyrosine kinase

Sodium-Potassium transport

Intergral protein

G-Protein receptor

amphipathic

2 fatty acids

glycerol

Phosphate

Micelles

amphipathic

help in drug delivery

Replication

Eukaryotes-nucleus

Prokaryotes-cytoplasm

Helicase

SSB

topoisomerase

Primase

DNA pol III

DNA pol I

DNA ligase

Transcription

initiation

Eukaryotes (occurs in nucleus)

RNA Pol I

rRNA

RNA Pol II

preMRNA

snRNA

microRNA

RNA Pol III

tRNA

5S rRNA

Prokaryotes (occurs in cytoplasm)

RNAP

elongation

elongate transcription

termination

5-Cap

Poly-a tail

Translation (occurs in cytoplasm)

E site

Prokaryotes

F-met

Eukaryotes

Met

P site

A site

Protein coded

Cell communiation

Physical Contact

Releasing a signal

Paracrine Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Neurotransmitters

Packaging

Eukaryotes

B DNA Helix- 2 nm

Nucleosomes- 10 nm

Tight Helical Fiber-30 nm

Protein Scaffold (looped domains)- 300 nm

Metaphase Chromosome- 700 nm

Prokaryotes

Regulation

Euchromatin

less compaction

genes expressed

Heterochromatin

highly compacted

no genes expressed

Laws of Thermoynamics

1st Law

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

2nd Law

When energy changes from one form to another, entropy increases

Kinetic energy and potential energy

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion

Potential Energy

metabolic pathway

Catabolic

Anabolic

Exergonic

Endergonic

enzyme

Substrate level

Specific Temperature and pH

Feedback inhibition

Allosteric

Activation

Inhibition

Cooperativitiy

Redox Reaction

Oxidized lose electrons

Reduction gain electron

Requires activation energy

Flow of energy

Respiration

Aerobic

eukaryotes

glycolysis

2 atp and pyruvate end product

Anaerobic (fermentation)

Alcohol Fermentation

cytoplasm

2 ethanol formed

prokaryotes

Lactic Acid Fermentation

cytoplasm

2 Lactate formed

Photosynthesis

Light Reactions

Photosystem II

Pq

Cytochrome complex

Pc

Photosystem II

Fd

NADP+ reductase

NADPH to Calvin Cycle

Water splits

Release Oxygen

Produce ATP

Form NADPH

Calvin Cycle

Phase 1: Carbon fixation

Phase 2: Reduction

1 molecule of 3 Carbons goes on and forms glucose and other organic compounds

The 5 other molecules of 3 Carbons go through the cycle

Phase 3:Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)