Science Grade 10

Biology

Microscopes 🔬

Cells

The Cell Cycle

Mitosis

Prophase

First part of mitosis where the nuclear membran dissolves and disappears

Metaphase

The chromosomes become complletely condensed

Anaphase

The sister chromatids are pulled a part by the spindle fibers.

Telophase

Nuclear membrane reform to form new nuclei

Cancer

Stem Cells

Embryonic cells

Specialised Cells

Animal specialsed cells 🐻

Muscle Cells 💪

Contracts allowing bones to move.

Red Blood Cells 🔴

Carries oxygen through the blood

White Blood Cells ⚪

A cell that protects you from diseases.

Plant Specialsed Cells 🌱

Xlyem Cells

Responsible for transporting
water and dissolved minerals

Phloem

Responsible for
transporting sugar

Tissues

Animal tissues 🐻

Epithelial

Lines the outer surface of internal organs

Connective

Strengthens, supports and protects other tissues.

Muscle 💪

Moves the body or organ by contracting

Plant cells

Vascular

Epidermal

Ground

Meristematic

Hierarchy of organization

Interdependent organs

Interdependent organs work together to maintain body functions

Heart and Lungs

Heart pumps blood, lung help for circulation.

Brain and Muscles

Brain sends signals to muscles for movement and coordination

Kidneys and Bladder

Kidneys filter waste, bladder stores urine for excretion.

Liver and Digestive system

Liver processes nutrients from food for digestion and absorption.

Pancreas and small intestine

Pancreas secretes enzymes to aid digestion in small intestine.

Eye and brain

Eyes collect visual information, brain processes and interprets it.

Skin and circulatory system

Skin regulates temperature, circulatory system delivers nutrients to skin.

Endocrine and
reproductive system

Hormones from endocrine glands regulate reproduction and development.

Lungs and diaphragm

Diaphragm controls lung expansion for breathing and oxygen intake.

Skeletal and muscular system

Muscles move bones for body movement and posture.

Medical Imaging Technologies

Medical Resonance Imaging

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed body images.

CT-Scan

Combines X-ray images for detailed cross-sectional views of the body.

Ultrasound

Uses sound waves to produce images of soft tissues and organs.

PET-Scan

Detects radioactive tracers to observe metabolic activity in tissues.

X-Rays

Uses radiation to capture images of bones and organs.

Plant Cells 🌱

Cell Walls

Provides structural strength

Chloroplasts

Produce energy from photosynthesis

Animal Cells 🐻

Mitochondria 🦠

Power house of the cell

Magnifys objects that are to small to be seen with the naked eye

Physics⚡️

The Wave Model of Light

-When light passes through a prism, it separates into the colours of the rainbow

Chemistry🧪

Matter

States of matter

Liquid

Solid

Gas

Atomic Structure

Periodic Table

Bohr Diagrams

Chemical Reactions

Synthesis

A + B →AB

Decompostion

AB → A + B

Single Displacement

A + BC → AC + B

Double Displacement

AB + CD → AD + CB

Combustion

When all substances in a compound are combined with oxygen

Examples

Color Change

Gas Production

Tempature Change

Ionic Compounds & Naming

Molecular Compounds & Naming

Counting Atoms

Law of Conservation Mass

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Word equations

Just like chemical equations only the elements in word form

Acids & Bases

Acids

A substance that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Sour such as lemons, vinegar

Like water

Good conductors of electricity

Non-metal oxides

Molecular compounds

Usually begins with "H"

Acids

A substance that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

Bitter like tonic water

Slippery like soap

Good conductors of electricity

Metal oxides

ionic compounds

Usually ends with "OH" or "CO3"

Rules of Counting Atoms

1. The symbol of an element represents one atom of that element

NaCl= 2 atoms - Sodium-1
Chlorine-1

2. A subscript is a number written at the lower right corner after the symbol of an element. If there is more than one atom of the element, then a subscript is used to indicate the number of atoms of that element

H2SO4=7 atoms - Hydrogen-2
Sulfur-1
Oxygen-4

3. A subscript outside a bracket multiplies all the elements inside the brackets

Mg3(PO4)2=13 atoms -Magnesium-3
Phosphorus-2
Oxygen-8

4. A coefficient is a number written in front of a chemical symbol and indicates the number of atoms of that element. A coefficient can also be written in front of a chemical formula to indicate the number of molecules of that compound

3 CO2=9 atoms-Carbon-1x3=3
Oxygen-2x3=6

Neutralization

Acids + base→Salt + Water

Groups

Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Halogens

Noble Gases

Element Properties

Metals

Nonmetals

Metaloids

Subatomic Particles

Protons

A subatomic particle with a positive charge

Electrons

A subatomic particle with a negative charge

Neutrons

A subatomic particle with a neutral charge

Waves

Properties of waves

Wavelength

The distance from one wave to the next

Symbol for wavelength is the Greek letter Lambda λ

Amplitude

The wave's height or depth from the rest position

Frequency

The rate of repetition of a wave

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Types of Light

Additive & Subtractive colour theory

Additive

White like is composed of different colours of light

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Subtractive

When light strikes an object, some waves are reflected and some are absorbed

Coloured matter absorbs different wavelength of light

The absorbed colours "subtracted" from the reflect light

Ray Model of Light

This diagram shows how light rays travel in a straight line away from a light source in every direction

Light and matter interaction

Absoption

Reflection

Light Rays interact in specific ways

Transparent Object

Light rays are transmitted

Translucent Object

Light rays are transmitted and reflected

Opaque Object

Light rays are reflected

Shadows

Dark areas where an object blocks direct light rays from a light source

Object near to the source = bigger shadow

Object far to the source = smaller shadow

Umbra

Dark areas where all light rays from a source no matter how small or far are blocked

Penumbra

The partial shadow part where light rays from a non point source are party blocked

Transmission

Reflection & Refraction

Laws of reflection

Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection

Plane mirrors

Virtual Images

Reflection

Concave mirrors

Real or Virtual images

Focus point

Convex mirrors

Virtual, smaller Images

Divergence rays

Refraction

The bending or change in direction of light when it travels from one substance to another

Index of Refraction

Light moves from a faster substance to a slower substance, the light will bend towards the normal and if the light moves from a slower substance to a faster substance, the light will bend away from the normal

Types of reflections

Specular Reflection

All rays are parallel

Diffuse Reflection

All rays are rays are moving in different directions

Concave and Convex lenses

In concave lenses, light converges at the focal point to create virtual images

Virtual images

Light rays only appear to come to that point

In Convex lenses, light converges at the focal point to create real images

Real images

Light rays actually meet at that point

SALT

Size

Mirrors/lenses

Attitude

Location

Type of image

Technical application of lenses and mirrors

Cameras, glasses, telescopes

The human eye

Convex lenses

Radio Waves

Radio, TV, Cell phones

Microwaves

Heat food, Radar, mapp the Earth and space objects

Infrared Waves

Felt as heat, alarms, NVG

Ultraviolet Rays

Produced by Sun and Stars, burn skin and increase risk of cancer, disinfect water

X-Rays

Penetrate human tissue for medical imaging, luggage scanning

Gamma Rays

Penetrate human tissues to kill cancer cells

White light

Diagram

Describes image formed by

Cell

Tissues

Organ system

Organsim

Humans

Endocrine system

Regulates metabolism, growth, and mood through hormones.

Reproduction system

facilitates reproduction, supports fetal development.

Integumentary system

Protects body, controls temperature

Skeletal system

Provides structure, protects organs, stores minerals, allows movement.

Muscular system

Allows movement, maintains posture, generates body heat.

Nervous system

Controls body activities, processes sensory information, plans responses

Cardiovascular system

Circulates blood, nutrients, oxygen, and removes waste

Lymphatic system

Defends against infection, maintains fluid balance, absorbs fats.

Respiratory system

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide, maintains blood pH balance.

Digestive system

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.

Urinary system

Eliminates waste, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, controls pH.