Universal Ancestor* DNA as Genetic Storage* Ester Bonds in Cell Membranes
Bacteria* Presence of Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall
Common Ancestorof Archaea and Eukarya* Histones Present
Archaea* Ether Bonds in Cell Membranes
Eukarya* Presence of Membrane-Bound Nucleus* Presence of Membrane-Bound Organelles
Archaeplastida* Primary plastid
Excavata* Feeding groove* Secondary plastid
SAR clade
Unikonta
Amebozoa* Movement with pseudopodia
Slime molds
Opisthokonta* Single posterior flagellum on swimming cells* Absorptive heterotrophy
Common ancestor ofAnimalia and Choanoflagellates
Animalia* Multicellularity* Mobility* Gametic life cycle
Porifera
Giant Barrel Sponge(Xestospongia muta)
Eumetazoa* Tissues
Cnidaria* Radial symmetry* Diploblasty
Anthozoa* Occur only as polyps(sea anemones and corals)
Elkhorn coral(Acropora palmata)
Common ancestor ofHydrozoa and Scyphozoa
Scyphozoa* Produce a medusa(jellies)
Moon Jelly(Aurelia aurita)
Hydrozoa* Alternate between the polyp and medusa forms
Pennaria disticha
Bilateria* Bilateral symmetry* Triploblasty* Cephalization
Deuterostomia* Radial and indeterminate cleavage* Blastopore becomes the anus
Chordata* Notochord* Hollow dorsal nerve cord* Post anal tail* Pharyngeal slits
Cephalochordata* Lancelets
Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Urochordata* Tunicates
Sea Squirt(Polycarpa aurata)
Vertebrata* Vertebral column* Cranium* Cartilaginous skeleton
Agnathans
Pacific hagfish(Eptatretus stoutii)
Gnathostomes* Jaws* Bony skeleton
Chondrichthyes* Bony skeleton lost
Great White Shark(Carcharodon carcharias)
Osteichthyes* Lungs/lung derivatives
Ray-finned fishes
Blue Tang(Paracanthurus hepatus)
Lobe-finned fishes
Coelacanth(Latimeria chalumnae)
Lungfishes
Leopard Lungfish(Protopterus aethiopicus)
Tetrapods* Limbs with digits
Amphibia
Red Eyed Tree Frog(Agalychnis callidryas)
Amniotes* Amniotic egg
Reptilia
Lepidosaurs
Green Anole(Anolis carolinensis)
Turtles
Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Crocodilians
American Alligator(Alligator mississippiensis)
Birds* Endothermy
Roseate spoonbill(Platalea ajaja)
Mammalia* Hair* Milk* Endothermy
American Black Bear(Ursus americanus)
Common Ancestor ofHemichordata and Echinodermata
Echinodermata* Water vascular system
Asteroidea* Arms with tube feet that resemble suction cups
Giant Sea Star(Pisaster giganteus)
Ophiuroidea* Flexible arms
Serpent Star(Ophiura ophiura)
Echinoidea* No arms
Purple Sea Urchin(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
Holothuroidea* Lack spines
California sea cucumber(Apostichopus californicus)
Protostomia* Spiral and determinate cleavage* Blastopore becomes the mouth
Lophotrochozoa* Trochophore larvae* Lophophore
Common ancestorof Annelida and Mollusca
Annelida* Body resembles a series of fused rings
Common Earthworm(Lumbricus terrestris)
Mollusca* Soft-bodied organisms with hard protective shells
Gastropoda* Move at a snail's pace by a rippling motion of their foot or by means of cilia
Golden Apple Snail(Pomacea canaliculata)
Cephalopoda* Foot has become modified into a muscular excurrent siphon and part of the tentacles* No hard shell
Humboldt squid(Dosidicus gigas)
Bivalva* Shell divided into two hinged halves
Soft Shell Clam(Mya arenaria)
Platyhelminthes* Flatworms* Acoelomates *blind gut
Rhabditophorans* Fresh water and marine species
Trematoda* Parasites
Sheep Liver Fluke(Fasciola hepatica)
Cestoda* Parasites
Pork Tapeworm(Taenia solium)
Free-living Rhabditophorans
Pseudobiceros sp.
Ecdysozoa* Ecdysis
Nematoda* Roundworms
Roundworm(Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arthropoda* Modified appendages that are jointed and come in pairs
Chelicerata* Clawlike feeding appendages which serves as pincers or fangs
Southern Black Widow(Latrodectus mactans)
Common ancestor ofHexapoda and Crustacea(Pancrustaceans)
Hexapoda* Have wings without sacrificing any legs
Monarch butterfly(Danaus plexippus)
Crustacea* Highly specialized appendages* Two pairs of antennae
Chesapeake Blue Crab(Callinectes sapidus)
Choanoflagellates
Choanoflagellates(Desmarella moniliformis)
Common ancestor ofFungi and Nucleariids
Fungi* Multicellularity* Chitin cell wall* Zygotic life cycle
Black Bread Mold(Rhizopus stolonifer)
Fly Agaric(Amanita muscaria)
Nucleariids
Nucleariid(Nuclearia thermophila)