CGC1D1: Issues in Canadian Geography Summative
By: Chris Chen
Forestry in Canada
Forest Management
Managing our forests is very important to the sustainability of our forests and environment as well as our resources. Therefore we are going to use the land use planning skills where some activites and land uses are shouldn't be put beside each other since they will greatly affect each other and arouse problems.
Important Things to Remember
- Do not put a lumber mill or a pulp and paper mill on the lake. If you do this, the lake will be contaminated and can cause algae blooms (eutrophication) which will flow downstream causing problems to all of the other land uses that need the water.
- The land use of wildlife should be kept safe away from human activites which might cause problems to the general health of the wildlife. Rivers should be protected with a no cut zone since if you cut trees around the rivers it will cause soild erosion, which causes the loose soil to contaminate rivers.
- The pulp and paper mill and the lumber mill should be beside each other to save on transportation energy and be more efficient. There should be roads connecting both and to the logging zones so that the logs can be transported also a road to the main road or the railway to export the products.
- Roads connecting to the human land uses so that they can be accessed.
- Forest cutting zones should be randomized and not beside each other, so that not all the trees in that area will be cut, not clear cutting but shelterwood cutting so that possibly the trees will regrow, sustainability.
Types of Logging (3)
Trees are a renewable resource, but it takes time to grow, so therefore if we dont manage how much we log, trees will run out faster than they can regrow which is unsustainable since we would have a huge problem as this resource affects tons of organisms including humans.
Selective Cutting
Selecting and only cutting down the best trees. This is the least destructive method and you only get the best trees that will sell the most. Disadvantages are that it is expensive and slow. The most sustainable.
Shelterwood Logging
You cut tress in groups and leave clumps of trees so that they can help plant new seeds. Much less destructive and more sustainable than clear cutting. The disadvantages are that is costs more than clear cutting and it makes the overal landscape look weird.
Clear Cutting
Basically cutting all the trees in the area. It is fast, cheap, makes the most money, and provides agricultural land. The disadvantages are that is destroys everything, all of the habbitats of the organisms in that area will be destroyed, so they will have to relocate which is very hard and if they don't find a new location, they will just die out. This way of logging is one of the most common and is not sustainable.
Forestry is very important to Canada. Forests cover 30% of all the land on earth. In that 30%, Canada has 9% of the world's forests and covers 38% of Canada, which is quite a lot. The timber from logging can be used for contruction, fuel, and many other bioproducts alternate for plastic. Since logging can be a job, the industry opens up opportunities for workers and will become a large portion in the Canadian economy since we have so much. Of course, this industry should be limited and managed so that our trees will be able to grow back naturally and not affect the many animals which uses these trees to survive.
2 Types of Trees:
Coniferous - Small, needle like leaves, also known as evergreens, never lose their needles. Softwood commonly used in construction. Ex: larch, spruce, and mountain pine.
Deciduous - Broad, flat leaves, and loses their leaves in the fall. Hardwood used in furniture, floors, etc. Ex: willow, cottonwood, and maple.
Deciduous
Coniferous
Reasources:
Human - Skills and abilities possessed by the population of a country. Depends on education, and economic structure.
Natural - Substances in nature that the population find useful. -- 2 kinds, renewable and non-renewable
- eg. renewable: solar power and wind power
- eg. non-renewable: coal and oil
Burning coal for energy (non-renewable, natural)
Solar energy collected by solar panels (renewable, clean, natural)
Doctors working in the medical field (human)
Demography and Immigration
Immigration
How did we get here? Why do people leave their country? Why did they come to a country? Obstacles they might face. Different classes of immigrants. Characteristics of people trying to get into Canada, if they fulfill the requirements to be an immagrant depending on which class of immagration they are, are able to get accpted as a Canadian citizen.
Immigration Classes:
Economic Class Immigrant: Skilled workers/buisness class immigrants who get accepted into Canada through the "point system". They are immigrants who bring work/skills to Canada's economy. (Most common type of immagrant)
Family Class Immigrant: For family reunification, so it requires a family member in Canada to sponsor them. That family member must agree to support them for up to 10 years, or within the 10 years, they can support themselves and have a source of income.
Refugeee: They fear persecution: harm cruel/inhuman treatment or imprisonment in home country, so they decide to escape and immagrate to Canada. (Most misunderstood category)
The point system for buisness class immigrants:
Total: 100 points
- Education, 25 points
- French/english skills, 28 points
- Work experience, 15 points
- Age, 12 points
- Arranged employment in Canda, 10 points
- Adaptability , 10 points
Key terms:
Immigrant - A person who comes into a foreign to live there from their resident country. Act of comming into the country.
Emigrant - A person who leaves a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere. Act of leaving their resident country.
Push Factors - A reason that encourages people to move away from their current country. Examples are war, political problems, poor environmental conditions, or economic problems.
Pull Factors - A reason that makes a particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants. Examples are political stability, economic and educational oppertunities, or they might have friends or relatives in this appealing country.
Intervening Obstacles - Intervening obsticles that might prevent a move to a country. Some examples are maybe they need to travel very far across the world and they dont have the money to do so, or they might not qualify to be accepted into the country. (Or a huge cat in their way to get to the desinated country.)
Demography
Examine presented data like population pyramids and identify the country's history in terms of population and patterns and what causes these patterns to possibly make a good guess on what will happen to the country's population in the future. "The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations." -Oxford Languages and Google
What does the numbers mean and what is significant about them?
An exmaple of a industrialized, stable economic country is the United States. Looking at a population pyramid of this country, we can see it has moderate birth rate, low death rate, and high life expectancy.
High Dependancy Load: Could mean there are either a lot of children being born (High BR) or adults are living longer (High LE)
Low Dependancy Load: There are a lot of workers in the country or you have a low BR and/or high infant mortality rate and/or a high death rate.
High Death Rate and Low Life Expectancy: Country has a lot of challenges facing it, such as war, disease, poor healthcare, natural disasters, and/or pollution, lots of people are dying.
Low Death Rate and High Life Expectancy: Country has a stable economy, it's safe to live there, good healthcare and access to doctors. and low pollution. People are living longer with higher life expectancy
In Germany, the birth rate is lower than the death rate, so their population is slowly declining. A way to fix this is to provide support for famillies to have more children or promote more immigrants to come into the country.
Population pyramid for rapid growth, high death rate, low life expectancy.
High Birth Rate: Young population, so they need places for them to be educated and support them. Often low access to education, healthcare and fewer women's rights pre-industrialized (lots of farms).
Low Birth Rate: Industrialized country and fewer children are being born because they are expensive and you need fewer of them to work on the farm and family planning is easier.
City of Toronto where it is big city and is industrialized. Toronto has the birth rate of 29.2 births per 1,000 women which is pretty low birth rate as a lot families aren't having children since the cost of living in Toronto is quite high, plus there aren't big jobs for children to work.
In many countries in Africa, there is a high birth rate with tons of children working in farms as well as in factories trying to support their families. Some companies also have taken advantage of their situatiions to get cheap labour.
The Baby Boomers and who are they?
They were born post World War II when the allied forces won the war. The allied forces won the war and so the countries part of the allied forces had a huge economy rise. So when all the soldiers came back form the war, more families decided to have babies causing a huge population boom or more specifically, a baby boom. Since the economy has gone down in the recent years, the Baby Boomers don't have as many children as their parents did.
World Population Data: https://www.prb.org/international/
Key Terms:
Birth Rate: The number of babies per 1,000 people per year.
Death Rate: The number of people who die per 1,000 per year.
Life Expectancy (L.E.): How long a person is expected to live in a particular country at birth.
Dependency Load (D.L.): Ratio of people who need the workers of the society to support them. 0-14 years old and 65+ years old. Mostly children who don't work yet and seniors that have retired from work.
Population Pyramid: Two bar graphs that show the number of people and their ages in a country. It is divided into male and female groups.
Population pyramids explained:
https://www.thoughtco.com/age-sex-pyramids-and-population-pyramids-1435272
Physical Diversity of Canada
Exploring Canada Through Tourism
Exploring the parks of Canada to analyize what are the natural features of the park, plants, animals, fomations, etc. and also what you as a potiental tourist can do at each park compared to its location, landform regoin, climiate, ecology, population.
Each unique landform region has a different climate, human population, and landform relative to its location and how it was created. These factors affect the tourism in that landform region, whether it can support it or not. In Canada, we have many diverse landform regions which allow for top tourism spots to happen within the country, generating a huge portion of the Canadian economy. In exploring Canada through tourism, we identify and describe the combination of natural features that make this place unique in Canada. We consider the landforms and climate as well as the human population that has allowed for the development of this tourist experience. With the analyzation, we go back to skills in spatial signifiance in thinking like a geographer unit: What is where? Why there? Why care? Determine the importantance of particular region or place.
More examples here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nb4VMPlQR9T-bBvA1c0j42RPkiLLvYYroVbmhvP8Y4s/edit
Example:
The Alberta Calgary Stampede:
Calgary is located in the Interior Plains, everywhere you go, you can notice the flatland and golden fields. The Interior Plains was once the bottom of an inland sea that covered the center of Canada like a tropical swamp. Now that the water has disappeared, there is a lot of flat land and grasslands that are suitable for farming. Calgary is located in the Prairie climate region which means it is sunny all year long and is especially good for the crops. These crops are the main source of income and feed the livestock. With the flat landform region and sunny climate, farms can flourish with crops like wheat and canola. Farms are also able to produce many farm animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses which can also participate in the Calgary Stampede. The Calgary Stampede showcases its farm animals, agriculture, western history, and events. Calgary is the third most populated city in Canada with 1,306,784 people (2021 recorded), having a stampede would allow the citizens and tourists to have fun, relax, and enjoy the sunny weather.
What is Where?
Where is it located, absolute and relative. Which landform region it is in? What climite region is it located in? (refer to rocks and landform regions) The population of the area.
Why There?
Explain why it is happening there in relation to What is Where.
Climate Regions
Rocks and Landform Regions
Learn about the different types of rocks. Learn about the landform regions of Canada: what they are used for, what does it look like, how was it made and what kind of rock it was made from.
7 Landform Regions of Canada
Canada has so many unique landform regions which make it such a good country with so many tourist attractions, products, and different things to do in each landform region.
Artic Lands
Destination Nunavut - Iqaluit
Hudson By Lowlands
Meet the Polar Bears of Hudson Bay | Op-Docs
Appalachian
What does it look like?
- High rolling hills
- Very rocky shorelines/coasts
- Forests
- Lighthouses
How was it made?
The European plate hit the North American plate and created folded mountains (480 million years old)
What kind of rock is it made from?
- Igneous Rock
- Metamorphic Rock
What do people use the land for?
- Camping
- Hiking
- Whale watching
- Lobsters and shellfish
Canadian East Coast Road Trip — Cinematic Vlog
St. Lawrence Lowlands
What does it look like?
- Low rolling hills
- Farms/big cities
- Small forests
- The escarpment (cliff, not a mountian)
- Niagra falls
How was it made?
There are 2 faults (cracks in the earth's crust) in southern Ontario. The land sank betweeen then and thats the lowlands.
What kind of rock is it made from?
- Sedimentary Rock
- Igneous Rock
What do people use the land for?
- Governments
- Big buisnesses
- Hydro electricity
- Transportations: trains, roads, ships
- Industries
- Farming: pumpkins, grapes (wine), apples, corn
The 10 Best Places To Live In Ontario (Canada) - Job, Retire, Edu & Family
Interior Plains
What does it look like?
- Flat
- Golden
- Farms
How was it made?
Bottom of an ancient inland sea that covered the center of Canada. It was like a big tropical swamp.
What kind of rock is it made from?
- Sedimentary Rock
What do people use the land for?
- Grow wheat and onola
- Oil and natural gas
- Farms (eg. cows)
- Crops
The Prairies: Flat-Out Beautiful
Cordillera
What does it look like?
- Sharp pointy mountains
- Glaciers and glacial lakes
- Coniferous trees (pointy)
How was it made?
The pacific plate collied with the North American plate and formed folded mountains (55 million years old)
What kind of rock is it made from?
- Igenous Rock
- Metamorphic Rock
What do people use the land for?
- Whale watching
- Hiking
- Camping
- Downhill skiing
- Mining
- Forestry
The Wild Within: British Columbia, Canada
Canadian Shield
What does it look like?
- Smooth rolling rock
- Lots of lakes, rivers, and islands
- Many forests
How was it made?
It is the left over rock from an acient super volcano (3.96 billion years ago)
What kind of rock is it made from?
- Igneous Rock
What do people use the land for?
- Camping
- Cottaging
- Conoeing
- Hiking
- Mining
- Forestry
ONTARIO LANDSCAPES AWESOME AERIAL
Landform Processes
Processes in which land forms can change or are created. These proccess formed landforms which allowed tourism in Canada be so popular.
Humans can also be a destructive process
Here is a picture of the top of a mountain that have been mined out.
Destructive Processes
- Earthquakes
- Winds
- Water
- Ice
- People/Animals
- Plants
These destructive forces (withering, erosion) change the landscape to become attractive which will cause and uprise in tourists to see this newly, naturally created landscape.
https://youtu.be/R-Iak3Wvh9c
Builing Processes
Landforms in each region are usually created by 3 building forces.
1. Folding - Pressure under the earth causing it to fold and buckle forming mountains. Pressure on either side of the rock can cause it to bent up or down or both causing something like a rippled effect/look on the landscape/landform. (eg. Appalachians and Cordillera)
2. Faulting - High pressure causing the earth to crack, creating a fault. This creates cliffs, mountains, and valleys. (eg. St. Lawrence Lowlands)
3. Volcanism - Magma errups from the Earth's surface and forms new rock. It can cover up volcanoes and create volcanic mountains. (eg. Canadian Shield)
Canada has the landform regoins that were made by these building proccess and so it has a diverse set of landform regions also making it very good for tourism, more attractive.
Volcanism
Faulting
Folding
Rock Cycle
The 3 main types of rocks are all part of the rock cycle. From breaking down and erosion of igneous rock to sedimentary rock, then to the pressure and heat on sedimentary rock to form metamorphic rock. Then metamorphic rock goes through more heat and pressure to turn into a hard igneous rock again. Refer to the rock cycle diagram on the left.
Ways that rock can be broken down:
- weathering/erosion
- water
- actions of organisms
The Rock Cycle | Sedimentary, Metamorphic, Igneous | Learning Made Fun
3 Main Types of Rock
Igneous Rock: Made form molten rock that comes out of the ground, cools, and solidifies. Since molten rock is very hot, it is also refered to "firerock". All the rocks begin with the igneous rock. An example is granite that can be found in the Canadian Shield.
Sedimentary Rock: Begin as small pieces of another type of rock which has been eroded by the wind, rain, and ice. Since it is made up of many lyers of these tiny rocks, this rock is also know as "layered rock". People find fossils in sedimentary rock because the remains of ancient plants or animals make up some of its layers. Some examples include sandstone or shale.
Metamorphic Rock: Heat and pressure transform the other rocks into metamorphic rock. Nicknamed the "changed rock". Some examples are when granite becomes a new rock called gneiss and shale becomes slate.
Metamorphic Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Igneous Rock
Concepts of Geopgraphic Thinking and Sustainable Cities
Land Use and Livability
How to plan where and where not to put things in your community. All the land is used none is unused. Urban planning, what makes a city livable?
Urbanization
American Makeover Episode 2: SEASIDE, THE CITY OF IDEAS
American Makeover Episode 1: Sprawlanta
Zoning By-law:
A zoning by-law is a type of law that cotrols the use of land in your community. It sates exactly:
- How land may be used
- Where building and other structures can be located
- The types of buildings that are permitted and how they might be used
much more...
8 Urban Land Uses:
How is space managed and organised in a city.
Why is is important?
- 80% of Canadians live and work in cities, which is about 30 million people!
- Different land uses beside each other can cause problems and make people unhappy also unhealthy. People and land uses should work well together.
There are some land uses that shouldn't be put beside each other or they will cause major problems to your community risking its livability, economy, tourism, safety, etc.
An example of two land uses that shouldn't be put beside each other:
A factory (industrial) placed right beside housing (residential) will be problematic. The factory will cause noise pollution, air pollution, waste, and is very hazardous for the residents living in the houses since they could get caught in the machinery. If any malfunctions occur in the factories, the houses will get affected, there will be a loss of homes, innjuring of residents, or maybe even killing them. Factories beside the houses is also bad for the mental health also making it less walkable for people to enjoy the outdoors which in the end causes the residents to be unhealthy.
8. Parks and Recreation
Land used for people to enjoy the outdoors and/or be active
Colour: Light Green
Examples: playgrounds, recreation centers, community trails
7. Institustional
Places that help people often run by the government and doesn't need to be paid for
Colour: Orange
Examples: hospitals, schools, places of warship (church), city hall
6. Industrial
Land used for manufacturing, storage, and shipping of products
Colour: Grey
Examples: warehouses, factories
5. Commercial
Where people have buisnesses and make money
Colour: Purple
Examples: banks, hotels, resturants, office buildings
4. Transportation
Land used for moving products and people
Colour: Yellow
Examples: roads, highways, tracks, airplanes
3. Residential
Places where people live
Colour: Red
Examples: houses, apartments, condominiums
2. Utilities
Land used for providing cities with electricity, water, and waste treatment
Colour: Black
Examples: dams, windmills, water towers, treatement plants
1. Agriculture
Land used for growing food and livestock (like cows, sheep, pigs, etc.)
Colour: Dark Green
Examples: farms, orchards, community gardens
6 Characteristics of a Liveable Community:
1. Housing - A place for residents of your community to live as well as a place for visitors to stay. Best place to put this is near shops, parks, and schools.
2. Transportation - Walkable, safe, convenient, public transit, variety of transportation options.
3. Environment - Water, natural vegetation, urban agriculture, local food, reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2), cooling, green technology.
4. Health - Food, community connection to land, walkability, social connection, encourages physical activity, clean environment, greenspace, safe, no garbage, low to no pollution.
5. Neighbourhoods, Connecting space, sense of community - Safe, reason to walk, attractive environment to walk in, equal access to public spaces and recreation centers connecting the community.
6. Mixed use - Mixed use and live work units, amphitheatre, flood control, mixed use shops and residential.
What Makes a Good Map?
Making a good map allows the audience to read your map properly and fully understand what you are trying to communicate with the map.
Somethings to remember:
Neatness
- sharp pencil for good fine details
- work as neatly as you possibly can
- use a ruler when drawing straight lines
Labelling
- always print the letters
- human features should be labelled horizontally (eg. city names)
- natural feature can have their labels wind along the natural course of the future (eg river names)
- use only a few arrows
- spelling matters and all proper nouns must be capitalized
Accuracy
- feature is located accurately
- location points (dots) should be of a reasonable size
There are 4 points to a good map:
Follow theese pointers to perfect your map assignments. Your mapping skills here will be used in every map you create in the course.
4. Direction Arrow
- the compass arrow indicates where north is on your map
3. Scale
- explains the relationship between distance on the map and distance in real life
- three types of scales
1) verbal -> a sentence -> eg. 1 cm represents 250km
2) ratio -> a number -> eg 1:100,000 (means that real life is 100,000 times larger than what is shown on the map)
3) bar -> a picture
The graphic scale is the bar scale.
2. Legend
- explains to the reader what the different colors and symbols mean
- uses symbols and colors that make sense (eg. blue for water!)
- a box around the legend with a ruler
1. Title
- clearly, the subject matter shown by the map (eg. Map of Canada)
- Stands out so it is easy for the reader to find, underlined with a ruler
- includes a date of when the map was made for reference
Map Projections: What are they? How are they Biased.
Map Projection: A way of showing the surface of a three-dimensional sphere on a flat surface. Eg. when you flatten a spherical globe, you need to do additional math which will not be fully accurate, a flat map stretches the spherical globe, making parts bigger and distances smaller causing a huge difference in reality. Location is also changed.
Bias: A perception of the way things are or should be, even if it's not totally accurate. Eg. always putting north on top of the map, countries in the northern hemishere is on "top" and "bigger". People tend to misconcept that the top is more powerful and better. When you look at the earth from space, there is no reference of up or down.
Oppression: When a person or group of people have power use it in a way that is not fair and unjust.
The map of the earth can be looked at in different angles it could be sideways, upside down, etc. from the traditional map that puts North America at the top. If an alien civilization looks at Earth form far away they might make their map different from ours.
Thinking Like a Geographer
These are one of the certain ways that geographers think when they look at issues in the world.
4. Geographic Perspectives (4), SEEP
Consider the perspectives of different stakeholders and their impact on that event. Classify the issue as Social, Economic, Environmental, or Political. Everyone has a point of view, doesn't mean they are wrong, just a different perspective.
Political - The perspective of the political stakeholders or the government of the area. They are who have political power or work for the political power. ex. politians, goverments, mayors, etc.
eg. mayor of Churchill
Environmental - The perspective of environmental stakeholders they are people who kinda speak for the environment. ex. environentalists
eg. conservational officer in Churchill
Economic - The perspective of the economic stakeholders. ex. small buisness owners in the area
eg. manager of tourism and economic development
Social - The perspective of the people in the issue. ex. the residents living there
eg. tourists
Eg. Churchill Manitoba Polar Bear Incident:
3. Interrelationships
Looking at how different parts of the human and natural environment are interconnected in a system. Analyzing how these different parts of a system can impact each other.
2. Patterns and Trends
Notice patterns and trends in human and natural environmnts and analyze why there patterns and trends occur and what their impact is. Similar features? Consistent repeating trends?
1. Spatial Signifiance
What is where? Why there? Why care? Determine the importantance of particular region or place.
4 Themes of geographic thinking:
How is this important?
Indigenous Peoples of Canada
Treaties, Reserves, Land Claims, and Residential Schools
8th Fire
Residential Schools
Institutions (usually associated with the church) where Indigenous children were forced to attend. Children were forcibly removed from their respective families. The goal was to "kill the Indian in the child", assimilate to the European (Canadian way of life), it was a form of cultural genocide.
Many residential schools would be intentially put far away form children's homes so that they could not run away back home. Children would take days to get to their these institutions and when they would come back home after many years, they have forgot their languages and culture. Some children who went didn't even make it out alive and was just buried at their the institution or not even buried at all.
Locations of residential schools: https://edu.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=e520d9b3de524f788dc06d4913337dd2
Reserves and Land Claims
Most of the land claims are up north since the government thought there was no value to that land, but now they are finding tons of natural resources there now. Most of the reserves are located in small amounts in the southern part of Canada.
Map of reserves and land claims: https://edu.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=c33b5560fc19419a8ea4d0f22c6421ed
Land Claims
Specific Land Claim
When previously signed treaties. When a treaty was unfair, or when the government did not fulfill its side of the agreement, specific land claims can be made. Compensation could come in the form of land/or monetary compensation. Additional land often becomes a part of the reserve formed from the original treaty.
Comprehensive Land Claim
For Indigenous peoples who never signed treaties. They are based on the traditional use of the land and occupancy by Indigenous peoples who were not displaced and did not sign treaties.
Reserves
Land set aside by the Government of Canada for the use and occupancy of an Indigenous group, Reserves were created as part of the treaty making process with First Nations peoples. Reserves are meant to be land set aside for the exclusive use of First Nations. The problem with a lot of these reserves is that they are isolated/remote and have issues of their own like access to clean safe water.
Indigenous Population of Canada
Treaties
An agreement made between the Government of Canada and Indigenous groups that define ongoing rights and obligations on all sides. The government took the Indigenous people off the land they were living on (cultural genocide) and broke many of the promises in the treaties.
Concepts of Land
Concepts of Land Indigenous vs Non-Indigenous (European settlers)
Language and Identity
Native, Aboriginal, First Peoples
These are outdated terms for referring to Indigenous Peoples in Canada, however they are sometimes still used today. Only use the term that individuals and organizations have choosen for themselves.
The Indian Act
A law written by the Canadian Government in 1876 that was intended to assimilate the First Nations People into non-Indigenous society. It is a controversial document that has been changed many times, but it still defines who is and is not an "Indian" and determines how reserve land is to be managed. Huge impact on the First Nations People today.
First Nation
First Nations People include Status and non-Status "Indians". More than 630 First Nation communities in Canada, which represent more than 50 Nations and 50 Indigenous languages.
"Non-Status Indian"
Refers to people who identify themselves as "Indians" but who are not entitled to registration on the Indian Register pursant to the Indian Act.
"Status Indian"
A person with a legal standing as an "Indian" under to Indian Act. Status Indians also known as registered Indians, can be eligible for a range of benifits, rights, programs and services offered by the federal and provincial or territorial governments.
"Indian"
This is an outdated term, used to refer to First Nations People. It still appears as a legal term in government documents, but should not be used when speaking to, or about, Indigenous People.
Métis
The advent of the fur trade was accompanied by a growing number of mixed offspring of Indigenous women and European fur traders. They have their own unique culture, traditions language (Michif), way of life, collective consciousness and nationhood.
Inuit
The Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic. Inuit means "the people" in the Inuit langugage Inukitut. The singular of Inuit is Inuk. They live in 53 communities across the northern regions of Canada in Inuit Nunangat, which means "the place where Inuit live".
Indigenous
"Indigenous Peoples" is a collective name for the origin peoples of North America and their descendants.
Ecosystem Approach
The ecosystem approach recognizes that living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors interact to create an ecosystem.
Everything is connected to everything else both abiotic and biotic. If one thing is removed all the other strands in the interconnected web are affected.
Managing Canada's Water
Water Problems
Water Issue Perspectives on Water in Canada
More indepth in the mindmap
Most of the water issues are in indigenous reserves which are very remote. Activity outside of reserves can also affect the water quality in reserves.
Environmental - They believe access to clean water will benefit the general health of everyone. People should be more informed on where and how they get their water so they can make better decisions when using water appropriately. Protecting our water sources and using a clean a sustainable way to use our water would be something very important to both our environment and the well being of other organisms.
Economic - Economically speaking, without a stable water treatment plant for clean water, you can't have buisness in that area since most of the products require good water for the best results, if you have contaminated water, your products may be poisonous or bad quality to the market and/or people wouldn't buy it, and example is the buisnesses in many Indigenous communities don't get any income because they don't have access to clean drinking water.
Social - Clean water is needed in our everyday lives. But not every community in Canada has this especially the Indigenous peoples living on reserves. With no good water supply at home, water has to be shipped in which is limited. Since the clean water they get is limited, they have to bathe in their dirty water which gives them hives, rashes, etc. Most of us are fortunate to have access to clean drinking water just from our taps, but people still drink bottled water because they think it is more healthy, for convience, and public influence that it is just better with no real good explaination.
Political - The government of Canada is saying they are trying their best to end all boil water advisories across the country, but is still hasn't happened yet, so it seems to be a slow progess since they only fixed some of the community's water supply.
Access to Water Around the World
Many countries around the world are facing water scarcity. This is mostly because of their country's landscape, it is dry with low percipitaion, a desert country. Some examples are: Qatar, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Jordan, Libya, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Eritrea.
The Water Cycle
The water cycle is proccess of how water circulates between our lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and our biosphere. "It involves precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration." -Google, Oxford Languages
Water from vegatation (biosphere, transpiration), and soil (lithosphere) + oceans and bodies of surface water (hydrosphere) evaporates into the sky, the atmosphere which condenses into clouds. Then it perceipitates back down in the form of snow, ice, and water. This cycle of water in our biosphere is very important for all of the living organisms.
Water on Earth
Water is basically used in all the products avaliable to you and you also use water on a daily basis, but water is limited and many places in the world don't have access to clean water or even just water. Even though water dominates most of the earth, 97.5% of it is salt water which is not really usable. In that remaining 2.5% is freshwater, but 70% is located in frozen polar icecaps, which is hard to access and is melting away into the salt water because of global warming. 30% lies underground, so we have to drill wells to extract the water, and finally less than 1% is on the surface in lakes, rivers, etc easily accessable to humans. Us, normal everyday humans use 8% of this water supply, most of it is used in agricultural and industrial uses.
We are very lucky since 20% of the world's freshwater is located in Canada. This is a huge pull factor which makes people want to immigrate into Canada. It also gives Canada the public image that it is very clean since we have all of this clean, natural freshwater.
