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Advanced controls for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can reduce consumption in unoccupied zones of a building. They can also continuously adapt the operation to fit the demand and detect needs for maintenance. They are based on sensors and use control strategies adapted to the technology of the system, by modulating temperatures, flow rates, capacity, etc. A study for eu.bac (2014) concluded that increasing heating controls in European residential buildings could save over 50TWh per year.The Buildings Performance Institute Europe- BPIE (2017) found that building automation reduces energy consumption by around 27% in households, and smart technology can save an average of 23% of energy consumption in offices.
PROS 1)Significant energy savings CONS 1)A large amount of the energy used by HVAC appliances is wasted due to inadequate insulation, leaky ductwork, and air leaks through windows and doors.
Cost: An additional 10% of overall building cost, $3.62M for a 100,000 sq.ft. construction Space Requirement: Building size is not affected Energy Savings: $333,000 per year Payback: 10-15 years The concept of Passive House construction originally comes from Germany (Passivhaus), but it applies for all types of buildings despite having the word “house” in its name. Passive house construction is based on maximizing natural ventilation and using high-performance insulation to reduce HVAC expenses significantly or eliminate them completely. Passive house construction also optimizes the solar heating effect, preventing it during summer and maximizing it during winter. Any HVAC equipment used is combined with energy recovery measures, to further reduce operating costs.
PROS 1) Significant energy savings, may exceed 75% compared with a conventional building. 2) Exceeds energy code performance in both NY and NJ. CONS 1) More expensive building by 5-10%. 2) Limited application in existing constructions, since the envelope has already been built.
Cost: $30,000 for a 10,000-gallon system Water Savings: $3,200 per year Payback: 9-10 years Rainwater harvesting requires a collection method and a storage system, and all the rainwater retained is subtracted from what you would normally consume from the municipal supply. In densely populated areas , rainwater harvesting also reduces the water volume handled by sewage pipes during a storm, helping prevent spillage. A single building with rainwater harvesting does not have a major impact, but the rainwater retention effect adds up after many property owners have deployed it. The owners will start to get aware of the benefits of responding to climate change - which is the constant influx of savings.
PROS 1) Free water supply. 2) Decongests public sewage during major storms. CONS 1) Does not provide a consistent water supply throughout the year, since it depends on rainfall.
