New Prokaryote

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Prokaryote

External Cell Wall

fimbriae and pili

pili

conjugation

1 or 2 per cell for transfer DNA

longer than fimbrae

fimbrae

distributed over entire surface from a few to several 100

pillin

attachment

Axial filament

bundle of fibril

at the end of cell beneath the outer sheath

spiral around the cell

Spirochete

Flagella

Mobility

swarm

thumble

run or swim

type

Bacillus

Vibrio

Coccobacillus

Coccus

Glycocalyx

function

protect cell against dehydration

source of nutrient

attach to various surface

protect from phygocytosis

loosely attach-Slime layer

firmly attach-capsule

Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS)

Archae

membrane

ether-linked lipid

lipid monolayers

No muramic acid

No D-amino acid

Resistance to lysosyme and penicillin

Gram positive

single thick homogenous layer but different chemistry with Gram positive bactertia

1 or 2 layer of thick protein

glycoprotein outside plasma membrane

Gram negative

pseudomurein

surface with protein or glycoprotein subunit

pseudopeptidoglycan

s layer

Shape

bacillus

vibrio

coccobacillus

coccus

Internal

Endospores

Spore structure

small acid soluble proteins

source of energy during germination

protect DNA from UV radiation, dessication and dry heat.

Dipicolinic acid

Calcium-diplicolinic acid

Intercalate DNA

prevent heat denaturation

reduce water ability

protect DNA

locate in core wall

only in endospores

Core or spore protoplast

contains core wall,cytoplasmic membrane,cytoplasm,nucleoid and etc.

Cortex

loosely cross-linked protein

Spore coats

layers of spore-specific protein

Exosporium

delicate covering made by protein

outermost layer

contain essential macromolecules and a variety of substances absent from vegetativecells

Highly resistance to harsh condition

Dormant form

Inclusion

types

Gas Vesicles

for buoyancy for aquatic prokaryotes

hallow cylinders covered by proteins

Magnetosomes

mobility

protect cell against hydrogen peroxide accumulation

Iron Oxide act like magnet

Carboxysomes

carbon fixation during photosynthesis

Sulfur granules

energy reserve by oxidising sulfur

Lipid inclusions

storage material polymer poly-betahydroxybutyric acid

Polysaccharide granules

glycogen and starch

storage of energy

Metachromic granules

source of food

volutin

can serve as a basis of identification

reserve deposited

Plasmid

contain gene for survival ability

carries 10-100 gene

not connected to banteria chromosome

do not contain gene for growth

replicate independently

double stranded DNA

small circular

Nuclear Area

no nuclear envelope

no histone

single long circular molecule of double stranded DNA

Cytoplasm

contain enzyme carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions and low molecular weight compound.

liquid-cytosol

no cytoskeleton

80% water

Plasma Membrane

Movement

Passive

Osmosis

water from high to low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

help of carrier protein

simple diffusion

molecule from high concentration to low concentration

active

energy dependent

Group Translocation

molecules are chemically modified during transport

only in prokaryote

active transport

substance move from low to high concentration by transport protein

function

carries on respiration

captures energy

assist in DNA replication

synthesis cell wall component

selectively permeable

Endospore

Ribosome

consist of protein n rRNA

70S ribosome

protein synthesis

Cell wall

Thin Peptidoglycan

Atypical cell wall

Chlamydiaceae

non-replicative elementary body (EB)

2 membrane like Gram Negative

Mycoplasma

membrane contain sterol

no cell wall

smallest bacteria

teichoic acid

lipoteichoic acid (link to plasma membrane)

wall teichoic acid (link to peptidoglycan)

prevent degradation

thick peptidoglycan

Periplasmic space

have transport proteins

high concentration of degrading enzyme

Outer membrane

Phospholipids

Porins

Lipoproteins

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Lipid A

Essential for viability

Endotoxin

O-polysaccharides

Pathogenic

Antigen

Bacteria

membrane (ester-linked lipid)

succeptible to lysozyme and penicillin

have D-amino acid

have muramic acid

Gram Positive

Subtopic

single thick homogenous layer

Gram Negative

complex

mostly DAP found

Outer Membrane

peptidoglycan

porous

contain N-Acetylmuramic acid and D-aminopimelic acid