Catégories : Tous - spores - dna - seeds

par Yealin Youn Il y a 3 années

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Organigram

The text provides a detailed overview of the evolutionary lineage and key characteristics of various life forms, starting from a common ancestor. It highlights the role of DNA as genetic storage and differences in cell membrane bonds across bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

Organigram

Common Ancestor -DNA as genetic storage -Ester bonds in cell membranes

Common ancestor of Eukarya & Archaea -Presence of histones

Archaea -Ether bonds in cell membranes (derived from esther bonds)
Eukarya -Presence of membrane-bound organelles -Presence of membrane-bound nucleus
Unikonta

Opisthokonta -single posterior flagellum on swimming cells

Common Ancestor of Choanoflagellate and Animals

Choanoflagellates

Animals American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) -multicellularity -absorptive heterotrophy -mobility -complex organ systems -gametic life cycle

Eumetazoa -Tissue -Symmetry

Cnidaria -radial symmetry -diploblasty

Anthozoa -usually only polyp

Medusozoa

Scyphozoa -usually only medusa

Hydrozoa -alternates between polyp & medusa

Bilateria -triploblasty -bilateral symmetry -cephalization

Protostomia -spiral & determinate cleavage -blastopore becomes mouth

Ecdysozoa -ecdysis -metamorphosis (most)

Nematoda -round worms -free-living & parasitic -cuticle -pseudocoelom -complete digestive tract

Arthropoda -"jointed foot" -segmented -exoskeleton made of chitin -complete digestive tract -open circulatory system

Chelicerates -cephalothorax & abdomen -4 paris of walking legs, pedipalps, chelicerae

Pancrustaceans

Hexapoda -six legs -insects -many have wings (crucial to their success as a group) -head, thorax, abdomen

Crustaceans -cephalothorax

Lophotrochozoa -lophophore and/or trocophore larvae

Common ancestor of Mollusca & Annelids

Mollusca -soft-bodied -foot, visceral mass, mantle -coelomates -organ systems

Bivalvia -2 part shell

Cephalopoda -reduced or absent shell (except nautilus) -closed circulatory system

Gastropoda

Annelida -segmented worms -closed circulator system -complete digestive tract

Platyhelminthes -acoelomates -incomplete digestive tract -no respiratory or circulatory systems

Tapeworms (cestoda) -parasitic -no digestive tract

Trematodes -parasitic

Free-living Rhabditophorans

Deuterostomia -radial & indeterminate cleavage

Echinodermata -"spiny skin" -water vascular system -adults radially symmetrical, larvae are bilaterally symmetrical -no brain -complete digestive tract

Asteroidea -sea stars

Echinoidea -sea urchins & sand dollars

Ophiuroidea -brittle stars

Holothuroidea -sea cucumbers

Chordata -notochord -dosal nerve cord -pharyngeal slits -endostyle

Cephalochordata

Common ancestor of vertebrates & urochordates

Urochordata

Vertebrates -cranium -vertebral column

Agnathans (Cyclostome)

Myxini (hagfish)

Petromyzontida (lampreys)

Gnathostomes -jaws -bony skeleton

Osteichthyes (bony fishes) -lungs/lung derivatives

Lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) -skeleton extends into the fin

Coelocanths

Common ancestor of lungfishes & tetrapods

Lungfishes

Tetrapods -4 limbs with digits

Amniotes -amniotic egg

Reptiles -ectotherm

Archosaurs

Common ancestor of birds & crocodilians

Crocodilians

Birds (Aves)

Turtles

Lepidosaurs (snakes, lizards, amphisbaenians)

Mammals -hair -milk -endotherm

Monotremes -egg-laying mammals

Common ancestor of Marsupials & Eutherians

Marsupials

Eutherians

Amphibians -non-amniotic egg

Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygil)

Chondrichthyes -bony skeleton lost -cartilaginous skeleton in extant species

Porifera -Asymmetry -No tissues

Fungi -multicellularity -absorptive heterotrophy -cell wall -zygotic life cycle

Black Bread Mold (>Rhizopus stolonifer)

Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)

Amebozoa -movement with pseudopodia

slime molds

Archaeplastida -primary plastids

Common ancestor of chlorophytes, charophytes, and lan plants -cell walls made of cellulose -chlorophyll a & b and b-carotene

Chlorophytes (Green Algae)

Common ancestor of charophytes and land plants -ring-shaped cellulose-synthesizing proteins -phramgoplast

Charophytes (Braun's stonewort (Chara braunii)) -zygotic life cycle

Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) -common ancestor of land plants -Sporic life cycle -embryo -desiccation-resistant spores -apical meristems -gametangia -sporangia

Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha)

Common ancestor of Mosses, Hornworts, Lycophytes, Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Woolly Feather Moss (Tomentypnum nitens)

Common ancestor of Hornworts, Lycophytes, Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Field hornwort (Anthoceros agrestis)

Common ancestor of Lycophytes and Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms -Lignin -Xylem & Phloem -Leaves -Dominant sporophytes generation -Thick waxy cuticle -Stomata

Fan clubmoss (Diphasiastrum digitatum) -Lycophytes

Common ancestor of Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms -Megaphylls

Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris) -Monilophytes

Common ancestor of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms -pollen -seed -heterospory -wood -ovules

Angiosperms -"enclosed seeds" -fruit -endosperm -ovaries

White Water Lily (Nymphaea alba)

Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)

Gymnosperms -"naked seeds"

Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

rhodophytes (Red Algae)

SAR clade

Rhizaria -filose pseudopodia

Foraminiferas

Radiolarians

Alveolata -membranous vesicles on cell membrane -secondary plastids but dinoflagellates can tertiary plastids

Stramenopila -Tripartite flagellar hair -Secondary plastids

Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)

Diatoms

Excavata -Feeding groove -Secondary Plastids

Bacteria -Presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall