Who is responsible for the care and education of young children?

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Early Childhood Education and Care

What issues should be considered when it comes to governance entities?

balance

values

public support for governance

funding

durability

How has governance changed in early childhood education and care in the United States?

Phase 3: Moving Toward Shared Responsibility and Accountability (late 1990s - current)

motivated by the desire to increase equity, efficiency, and accountability

Phase 2: Moving Toward Shared Responsibility & Accountability (1990s - 2000s)

lack clear mission or sense of purpose

lack of durability, authority, and accountability

Phase 1: The Programmatic Approach (began in the 1960s)

individual programs with their own expectations for children, criteria for staff qualifications, and improvement monitoring systems

What are the responsibilities of an effective governance entity?

collecting, interpreting, and releasing data

budgeting, allocating, and managing fiscal resources

developing and enforcing regulations

How is it organized?

interagency councils, sometimes called coordinating mechanisms or COMs

not successful in promoting a coherent overall policy

effective in handling specific programs and tasks

educational agencies (4-6 yrs.)

child care policy agencies (0-3 yrs.)

What is governance?

How programs and entities are managed to promote efficiency, excellence, and equity

How is early childhood care and education funded?

Subtopic

demand side

less expensive for the government

funding directly to parents through tax deductions or credits

supply side

more expensive for the government

funds services which are operated by public entities

How is a quality workforce built?

attempts to diversify the workforce by hiring employees that reflect the communities in which the school is located

required licensing and education

fair compensation

better training

Why do countries support early childhood education?

improves social equity for disadvantaged or "at risk" children

EX: Programs such as "Head Start" were created in the United States to help even the playing field for children who are considered "at risk."

addresses issues with declining fertility rates

EX: The French are experiencing a population decline and are concerned about the continued existence of the French language and culture, so they've established pro-natal policies to encourage families to have children.

helps maintain a stable female population in the workforce

EX: Ireland's GDP was up 7.8% in the ten year period between 1993 and 2003 with a significant part of the growth because of the women who entered the work force.

social welfare ideologies

What types of quality are monitored?

outcomes

process quality

relationships and interactions among and between children, adults, and families

daily schedules

activites offered

structural quality

healthy and safety requirements

work conditions

level of funding

staff qualifications

group size

child-adult rations

Who is responsible?

the private sector

social organizations

communities

businesses

offer "family friendly" work benefits such as flexible hours, job-sharing, home-based work sites, vouchers to subsidize child care expenses, on-site child care, and parent education workshops

government

policies put into place that engage others in taking care of and educating young children

before and after school care

during intersession periods

before and after school hours

preprimary education

structured and purposeful learning

provide care

center-based care

part time

full time

private

public

family day care homes

short supply

mixed quality

policies put into place that enable parents to directly care for and educate young children

support for parenting education

family cash allowances given to assist parents with children until they are 20

not dependent upon income

EX: Sweden

dependent upon income

EX: France

paid parental leave

EX: The European Council decided in 1996 to give parents a minimum of three months off to help build a strong social-emotional foundation with their family when a child is born.