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Includes tunicates. Their motile larvae display the chordate characteristics. The sessile adult retains the pharyngeal apparatus, which it uses for filter feeding. A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata, which is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords
Presence of a spinal column or backbone
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates
All mammals conceive their young within the reproductive tract of the mother and, after birth, nourish them with milk produced by their mammary gland Mammals are heterodonts (Variation in teeth) with strong jaws. That is to say, they have a variety of specialized teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars). This allows them to chew their food into small pieces before swallowing it. Subsequently, they can eat any size plant or animal. Many reptiles must swallow their prey whole, which limits them to hunting smaller game.
process which requires or absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat
Placental mammals are mammals that give birth to fully developed live young. They differ from marsupials in that the baby spend more time being nourished by the placenta. These mammals are hairy and warm blooded as well. Some examples are mice, rats, and bats
Cetacea
Dolphins
Marsupials are mammals that give birth to live young.
Diprotodontia
Red kangaroo
Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs. Monotremes are warm blooded with a fast metabolism. They have hairy bodies and produce milk in their mammary glands.
Monotremes also have other features such as
Ornithorhynchidae
Platypuses
The class Aves includes all the birds. They also produce amniote eggs but usually give them greater protection from predators by laying them high off of the ground or in other relatively inaccessible locations. In the case of both reptiles and birds, the eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of females. There are other striking similarities between reptiles and birds in their anatomies and reproductive systems. This is not surprising because birds are descendents of theropod dinosaurs (two-legged mostly carnivorous dinosaurs).
Feathers
The class Reptilia includes turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, and other large reptiles. All of them have lungs to breathe on land and skin that does not need to be kept wet. They produce an amniote egg which usually has a calcium carbonate rich, leather hard shell that protects the embryo from drying out. This is an advantage over fish and amphibians because the amniote egg can be laid on land where it is usually safer from predators than it would be in lakes, rivers, and oceans
Reptilia
The type of egg produced by reptiles, birds, and prototherian (egg-laying) mammals (amniotes), in which the embryo develops inside an amnion. The shell of the egg is either calcium-based or leathery.
Animals in this class spend part of their lives under water and part on land. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are amphibians. Many of these species must keep their skin moist by periodically returning to wet areas. All of them must return to water in order to reproduce because their eggs would dry out otherwise. They start life with gills, like fish, and later develop lungs to breathe air.
Osteichthyes, popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse taxonomic group of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue, as opposed to cartilage
Chondrichthyes is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii and Holocephali.
The fish and amphibians all require water to carry out part or all of their life cycles and lay large amounts of eggs, they do not take care of their young
Agnatha is a superclass of jawless fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, consisting of both present and extinct species. The group is sister to all vertebrates with jaws, known as gnathostomes.
Though there is great diversity in the animal kingdom, animals can be distinguished from the other kingdoms by a set of characteristics. Though other types of life may share some of these characteristics, the set of characteristics as a whole provide a distinction from the other kingdoms. The set of characteristics provided by Audesirk and Audesirk are:
Defining Characteristics:
Animals are multicellular.
Animals are heterotrophic, obtaining their energy by consuming energy-releasing food substances.
Animals typically reproduce sexually.
Animals are made up of cells that do not have cell walls.
Animals are capable of motion in some stage of their lives.
Animals are able to respond quickly to external stimuli as a result of nerve cells, muscle or contractile tissue, or both.
Fungi play key role in ecosystem; recycle organic material, cause disease, typically the first organism to enter a new environment and play a key role in soil ecosystems (With trees)
Fungi are special because they have to obtain food; they do not produce their own food. Some act as parasites and feed on living things which usually cause some harm. They use enzymes to break down tissues.
characteristics include being eukaryotic, chemoheterotrophic (Can't produce their own food and need to absorb it), they reproduce through spores, they are both sexual and asexual, they usually are not motile, they have cell walls composed of chitin
They have alternation of generations
Fungi go through asexual reproduction.
They form spores which are produced by special modified cells at the end of hyphae
Fragmentation: if hyphae are broken the pieces will grow into complete new organisms
Also go through sexual reproduction
Each of the four divisions (Or phyla) of fungi have different forms of sexual reproduction. One of the defining characteristics
Chytridiomycota is a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids. The name is derived from Greek and means "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased zoospores
zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion
Infamous for infecting and killing many amphibians
Imperfect fungi (Parasitic, Penicillum, fungi that cause disease)
The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi, also known as Deuteromycota, are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed.
Only their asexual form of reproduction is known, meaning that these fungi produce their spores asexually, in the process called sporogenesis.
Club Fungi (Mushrooms, Club fungi)
-Reproduce sexually with club shaped ends and some can reproduce asexually
Reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (haploid spores). These specialized spores are called homosapiomedasin. However, some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually in addition or exclusively. Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually can be recognized as members of this division by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature, cell wall components, and definitively by molecular analysis of DNA sequence data.
Sexual reproduction in Basidiomycota takes place in the fruiting body, in specialized structures called basidia.
Sac-Fungi
A division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya.
Ascomycota are morphologically diverse.
Ascomycota have two methods of reproduction: asexual and sexual. In asexual reproduction, the fungus undergoes budding or fission, where cells from the fungus divide and split, forming new, genetically identical fungi that can then break off and grow on their own.
All Ascomycota fungi can reproduce sexually. In fact, the ascus, a sac-shaped cell formed as part of the sexual reproduction process, is what gives this group its name. In sexual reproduction, two different gametes, or sex cells, have to combine for reproduction to begin. In some species, the second gamete has to come from another fungus. In other species, a single fungus contains both male and female gametes and can self-fertilize.
Reproduce both sexually & asexually.
Wide-Range
Common mould (Bread mould)
(Conjugated Fungi
When food is abundant, the zygote fungi often reproduce asexually with haploids, when conditions are limited they reproduce sexually
Sexual reproduction produces resistance structures known as zygosporganim which can tolerate long periods of drying or freezing. Group is named for this unique reproductive structure.
Kingdom of simple eukaryotic organisms, usually composed of a single cell or a colony of similar cells. Protists live in water, in moist terrestrial habitats, and as parasites and other symbionts in the bodies of multi-cellular eukaroytes.
Other eukaryotic kingdoms are each believed to be monophyletic. As in, all plants evolved from one ancestral plant, all animals from one ancestral animal, and all fungi from one ancestral fungus. The Protista, however, are not; they are almost certainly polyphyletic and did not arise from a single ancestral protist.
The Protista are a category of miscellaneous eukaryotes, not closely related to each other and not sharing many characteristics, but not fitting any other kingdom of life.
Catch all kingdom
Organisms that don't fit into the definition of the other kingdoms, they are so diverse in structure that they can be divided into multiple kingdoms
Characteristics
All protists are aquatic
some are marine, some freshwater, some live in moist terrestrial environments, some are parasitic or some exist in moist tissue
They can be heterotrophic or autotrophic, they are motile (They move), they are unicellular (Some are multi-cellular), they are large complex cells with many organelles, and they reproduce asexually or sexually
Protists move in one of 3 ways
Pseudopod: A temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells, such as phagocytes, or of certain unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, that serves in moving from one place to another. Typically amoebas move this way
Cilia: an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body. There are two types of cilia: motile cilia, which beat against fluid outside the cell. non-motile, or primary cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles. They are like tiny hairs on a cell
Flagellum : a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim. An example would be the Sperm cell
Classification:
a protist is any eukaryote that is not an animal, (land) plant, or (true) fungus; this definition excludes many unicellular groups, like the Microsporidia (fungi), many Chytridiomycetes (fungi), and yeasts (fungi)
Taxonomy:
- Can be based on eukaryotic microorganisms and their immediate descendants
- often classified based on their behaviour often classified based on their behaviour into eitherplant-like, animal-like and fungus-like protists
Can also be classified or grouped based on their method of moving. Protists move in one of 3 ways
Pseudopod: A temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells, such as phagocytes, or of certain unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, that serves in moving from one place to another. Typically amoebas move this way
Cilia: an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body. There are two types of cilia: motile cilia, which beat against fluid outside the cell. non-motile, or primary cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles. They are like tiny hairs on a cell
Flagellum : a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim. An example would be the Sperm cell
Fungus-like protists share many features with fungi
Myxogastria are plasmodial slime molds, although they were previously thought to be fungi. They produce fruiting bodies that resemble those created by higher fungi. They live in moist soil and on decaying plants and trees
Fuligo septica
Oomycotes are filamentous organisms which resemble fungi, in that they live as saprotrophs.
Live in water or moist environments
Leptomitales
Plant-like protists, also called algae are a large and diverse group of simple plant-like organisms. They are autotrophs
Features
Like pyrrophytes, euglenophytes are small unicellular freshwater organisms with two flagella
Euglena Proxima
Pyrrophytes are unicellular, photosynthetic, and mostly aquatic.
Dinophyceae
Chryosophytes are the most abundant unicellular algae in the oceans.
Chrysophyceae
Zoo-flagellates are non-photosynthetic flagellates without plastids or cell walls which feed by phagocytosis or endocytosis. They are the most diverse of all eukaryotes and gave rise directly or indirectly to most, if not all, other groups of eukaryotes.
Live in water or within another organism
Reproduce sexually & asexually
Characterized by flagella which it whips to move
Termites dependence on a certain species of Zoo-flagellate: Termites live on cellulose, mostly from the dead wood they chew, but they depend on protozoa in their gut to provide the enzymes that can digest the wood," Poinar said."These protozoa would die outside of the termite, and the termite would starve if it didn't have the protozoa to aid in digestion
Importance of trypanosoma gambiense: species of parasitic kinetoplastid belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. The parasite is the cause of a vector-borne disease of vertebrate animals, including humans, carried by genera of tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. In humans T. brucei causes African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma gambiense
A species of parasitic kinetoplastid belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. The parasite is the cause of a vector-borne disease of vertebrate animals, including humans, carried by genera of tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. In humans it causes African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness.
Sarcodina, the largest phylum of protozoans. It comprises the amoebas and related organisms; which are all solitary cells that move and capture food by means of pseudopods, flowing temporary extensions of the cell. Most sarcodines are free living; others are parasitic.
Reproduce asexually or sexually via binary fission
Live in fresh and salt water
Characterized by pseudopods
Ameoba proteus
Characterized by Pseudopods which stands for
false feet. These false feet normally stretch
towards the prey
Info: Rely on ability to engulf and surround prey. Are slow and prey on slow moving prey
Visual of hunting: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Phagocytosis_--_amoeba.jpg
A species of unicellular organisms belonging to the genus Paramecium of the phylum Ciliophora. They can reach 0.25mm in length and are covered with minute hair-like organelles called cilia. The cilia are used in locomotion and feeding.
Reproduction: sexual by conjugation and asexual by binary fission
Cilia are also used to propel and direct food toward the mouth opening. Many protists have a contractile vacuole that helps to get rid of excess water in the cell. Ciliates also feature a rigid outer shape
Rhodophytes are typically found in warmer seawater, and are more delicate and smaller than brown algae (phaeophytes).
Coralline algae
Chlorophyll c is present in addition to chlorophyll a.
Dictyotales
Chlorophytes store starch in their chloroplasts, which contain chlorophylls a and b. These are not considered protists anymore
Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data. The sea lettuce, Ulva, belongs here. Other well-known members include Caulerpa, Codium, Acetabularia, Cladophora, Trentepohlia and Monostroma
Animal-like protists are called protozoa
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that share some traits with animals
– With Pseudopods
– With Cilia (ciliates)
– With Flagella (zooflagellates)
– Others (Parasites)
The sporozoans are able to form spore-like cells, from which they get their name. Parasitic & produce spores during asexual reproduction. Spores allow it to spread and the life cycle is usually complex and involves multiple hosts
Reproduce Sexually
Live in the gut of insects or vectors. Plasmodium lives and reproduces in the stomach of the female Mosquito
They are Non-Motile
Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. They feast off a host.
The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella
Cillia allow it to move through whatever it is in, these are tiny hairs and move in unison to help propel and move the protist
Reproduce sexually via conjugation and asexual by binary fission
Live in fresh and salt water
Characterized by Cilia
Characteristics
– Contain chlorophyll a and b
–An alternation between A diploid and haploid generation
– arise from multi-cellular structures in the maternal
tissue
– product of sexual fusion thereby indicating that all
plants (even though this is not actually true) have a
sexual stage at some point in their life cycle
-Anthophyta
-reproduction takes place within the flower
-sporophyte is the dominant part of the life cycle.
-Pollination
-They need a method to disperse their gametes and seeds
-Chemicals that are necessary for life OR allow the plant to be successful
Angiosperms (representing the epitome of plant evolution) are
divided into two major groups
Also known as angiospermophytes
seed is not covered with a fleshy fruit.
conifers, cycads, the ginkgo, and gnetophytes
Seed Plants
-motile sperm swimming to an egg
Also known as filicinophytes
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera, are a basal Metazoa clade as a sister of the Diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. Body form is more or less irregular with little obvious structure (no appendages or obvious sensory organs). Soft and has many pores.
Characteristics include
1. Base definition for an animal
Does not feature symmetry as they are asymmetrical.
They would the most basic phyla
Demospongiae is the most diverse class in the phylum Porifera. They include 76.2% of all species of sponges with nearly 8,800 species worldwide. They are predominantly leuconoid in structure. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both
Soft body with single body opening (Usually has tentacles around it) has radial symmetry with a shell shaped structure with many small pockets
Jelly fish like and Sea anemone like, looks like one is flipped over
Stationary polyp (anemone)
Free swimming medusa (jellyfish)
Primary organ of digestion and circulation in two major animal phyla: the Cnidaria (including jellyfish and corals) and Platyhelminthes (flatworms). The cavity may be extensively branched into a system of canals.
Symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.
Nematocyst, minute, elongated, or spherical capsule produced exclusively by members of the phylum Cnidaria (e.g., jellyfish, corals, sea anemones). Several such capsules occur on the body surface. Used to sting and inject with using barb like structures.
The outer ectoderm, or epidermis, contains the cnidocysts, the stinging cells that are characteristic of the phylum.
The inner endoderm, or gastrodermis, lines the gut, which in some cnidarians may be divided up by septa (as in the Anthozoa) or elaborated into branching canals
1. Base definition for an animal
2. Presence of Radial symmetry
2nd most basic phyla, have radial symmetry
Look like basic jellyfish, but can swim pretty fast, maneuver around things, and see fairly well despite not having a brain
In general, box jellies are similar in form to the "true" jellyfish, known as scyphozoans. However, it is relatively easy to tell the two groups apart.
Anthozoa is a class of marine invertebrates which includes the sea anemones, stony corals, soft corals and gorgonians. Adult anthozoans are almost all attached to the seabed, while their larvae can disperse as part of the plankton
Also known as Black Coral
The Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, referred to as the true jellyfish
Hydrozoa are a taxonomic class of individually very small, predatory animals, some solitary and some colonial, most living in salt water
Some Hydrozoans live on the the surface floating with large sail like structures above water for locomotion and long tentacles with nematocytes or stinging cells below the surface to catch food. A second group live in the middle water zone or pelagic region. These organisms such as the Chelia and Bougainvillae umbrella shaped with long tentacles emerging from the ventral region and move by jet propelling themselves up and passively sinking down. The third region for the Hydrozoans is the bottom where they anchor themselves to the substrate. These Hydrozoans are the orders Milleporina and Stylasterina which are corals and form an internal, epidermal skeleton of calcareous. These organisms can grow very large covering mass amounts of ocean substrate. Another sessile Hydrozoa is the Hydra which is truely unique among the Hydrozoans. The Hydra is solitary, lacks a medusoid phase and feeds with long tentacles that extend from around the mouth.
The nematodes or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. 4 classes, Chromadorea, Enoplea, Secernentea and Dorylaimea. Smooth slender body without obvious segments
1. Basic definition of an animal
2. Presence of radial symmetry
3. Development of bilateral symmetry
4. Development of germ layers
5. Presence of a false body cavity
6. Modification of false body cavity to a real body cavity
The 4th most simple phyla. The most distinctive new feature is the pseudocoelomate.
The Chromadorea are a class of the roundworm phylum, Nematoda. They contain a single subclass and several orders. With such a redundant arrangement, the Chromadoria are liable to be split up if the orders are found to form several clades, or abandoned if they are found to constitute a single radiation.
The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, Plathelminthes, or platyhelminths are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. They have 3 main tissue types (ecto, meso, endo).
- Body without jointed appendages, soft, flattened and worm like
1. Base definition for an animal
2. Presence of Radial symmetry
3. Development of Bilateral symmetry
4. Development of germ layers
5. Presence of a false body cavity
Are the 3rd most simple Phyla. they feature the above characteristics. They have a false body cavity which is a notable feature
Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm phylum. Most of the species—and the best-known—are those in the subclass Eucestoda; they are ribbonlike worms as adults, known as tapeworms.
Monogeneans are a group of ectoparasites commonly found on the skin, gills, or fins of fish. They have a direct lifecycle and do not require an intermediate host. Adults are hermaphrodites, meaning they have both male and female reproductive structures.
Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes. It includes two groups of parasitic flatworms, known as flukes. They are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most trematodes have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. The primary host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate
The tapeworms and the flukes are very specialized parasites with complex hostparasite life cycles. Humans are sometimes host to some species of parasitic flatworm
Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a human liver fluke belonging to the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. This parasite lives in the liver of humans, and is found mainly in the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile
Turbellarians share some important characteristics with other Platyhelminthes. All flatworms are flattened dorsoventrally . They are bilaterally symmetrical , are unsegmented, and are acoelomates , which means they do not have a body cavity.
Planarians (Type of Turbellarian) are active predators and scavengers, gliding along surfaces searching for prey. They are mostly aquatic.
Pseudoceros dimidiatus, the divided flatworm or tiger flatworm, is a species of flatworm in the genus Pseudoceros, belonging to the family Pseudocerotidae
The annelids, also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches. Conspicuous segments
1. Basic definition of an animal
2. Presence of radial symmetry
3. Development of bilateral symmetry
4. Development of germ layers
5. Presence of a false body cavity
6. Modification of false body cavity to a real body cavity
7. Protosome development begins
8. Segmentation becomes apparent
The 6th most simple phyla. Features segmentation
Leeches are segmented parasitic or predatory worm-like animals that belong to the phylum Annelida and comprise the subclass Hirudinea. They are closely related to the oligochaetes, which include the earthworms, and like them have soft, muscular, segmented bodies that can lengthen and contract
Hirudo medicinalis, the European medicinal leech, is one of several species of leeches used as "medicinal leeches". Other species of Hirudo sometimes also used as medicinal leeches include H. orientalis, H. troctina, and H. verbana
The Polychaeta, also known as the bristle worms or polychætes, are a paraphyletic class of annelid worms, generally marine. Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin
Oligochaeta is a subclass of animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms.
Feature Blastula Development.
Visceral mass with complex internal organs.
Radula, a rough structure near the mouth used for scraping food
Most have a protective shell or the remnants of one
Mollusks have a muscular foot, which is used for locomotion and anchorage, and varies in shape and function, depending on the type of mollusk. Foot can be modified for functions including feeding, and attachment
the body cavity, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall
Mantle covers the visceral mass and may secrete a shell
1. Basic definition of an animal
2. Presence of radial symmetry
3. Development of bilateral symmetry
4. Development of germ layers
5. Presence of a false body cavity
6. Modification of false body cavity to a real body cavity
7. Protosome development begins
The 5th most simple Phyla. With protosomes ( Protostomia is a clade of animals. Together with the deuterostomes and xenacoelomorpha, its members make up the Bilateria, mostly comprising animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.) A multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid, mollusk, or arthropod
Bivalvia, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda such as a squid, octopus or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot
Squid are cephalopods of the two orders Myopsida and Oegopsida, which were formerly regarded as two suborders of the order Teuthida, however recent research shows Teuthida to be paraphyletic. The two current orders comprise around 304 species
The gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca, called Gastropoda. This class includes snails and slugs of all species and sizes, from microscopic to Achatina achatina, the largest known land gastropod
Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of the phylum Echinodermata of marine animals. The adults are recognizable by their radial symmetry, and include such well-known animals as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the sea lilies or "stone lilies".
Body that is either hard, spiny or leathery, shape is cylindrical (Usually)
1. Basic definition of an animal
2. Presence of radial symmetry
3. Development of bilateral symmetry
4. Development of germ layers
5. Presence of a false body cavity
6. Modification of false body cavity to a real body cavity
7. Protosome development begins
8. Segmentation becomes apparent
9. Jointed appendages for quicker movement
10. Deuterostome development
The 8th most simple Phyla, have Deuterostome development. Any member of the phyla (Chordata, Hemichordata, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha) in which the anus appears first, developing at or near the blastopore, cleavage is radial and indeterminate, and the mesoderm and coelom form from outgrowths of the primitive gut. Mouth also appears.
Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms. The name comes from the Greek word krinon, "a lily", and eidos, "form". They live in both shallow water and in depths as great as 9,000 meters
Sea urchins or urchins are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species live on the seabed, inhabiting all oceans and depth zones from the intertidal to 5,000 metres. Their tests are round and spiny, typically from 3 to 10 cm across
Sea cucumbers are echinoderms from the class Holothuroidea. They are marine animals with a leathery skin and an elongated body containing a single, branched gonad. Sea cucumbers are found on the sea floor worldwide
Brittle stars or ophiuroids are echinoderms in the class Ophiuroidea closely related to starfish. They crawl across the sea floor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long, slender, whip-like arms which may reach up to 60 cm in length on the largest specimens
Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea. Common usage frequently finds these names being also applied to ophiuroids, which are correctly referred to as brittle stars or "basket stars"
- Gills present or conspicuous, appendages in 2 pairs
1. Basic definition of an animal
2. Presence of radial symmetry
3. Development of bilateral symmetry
4. Development of germ layers
5. Presence of a false body cavity
6. Modification of false body cavity to a real body cavity
7. Protosome development begins
8. Segmentation becomes apparent
9. Jointed appendages for quicker movement
10. Deuterostome development
11. Development of a large dorsal nerve chord to help coordinate nervous system function
12. The development of a backbone to protect the dorsal nerve chord
The 9th most simple phyla and therefore the most complex. They feature all the listed characteristics
They are filter feeders that burrow in the substrate of coastal waters and use their pharyngeal gill slits for filter feeding. They are small, segmented marine animals that possess elongated bodies with a notochord that extends the length of the body, extending from head to tail, persisting throughout the animal's life. Cephalochordates are represented in modern oceans by the Amphioxiformes.
The basis of both RNA and DNA composition and biochemistry, differs significantly from other bacteria
Thought to resemble ancient bacteria that first arose in extreme environments such as sulphur-rich, deep-sea vents.
Unique protein-like cell walls and cell membrane
chemistry, and distinctive ribosomes
Include methane-producing bacteria, which use simple organic compounds such as methanol and acetate as food, combining them with carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas from the air, and releasing methane as a by-product
Bacteria of hot springs and saline areas have a variety of ways of obtaining food and energy, including the use of minerals instead of organic compounds. They include both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
Named because biochemical evidence indicates that they evolved before the eubacteria and have not undergone significant change since then
Generally grow in extreme environments and have unusual lipids in their cell membranes and distinctive RNA molecules in their cytoplasm.
Do not affect humans
All organisms of this lineage thus far identified are chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers (capable of extracting energy and reducing power from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite) and may play important roles in biogeochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle.
The phylum was proposed in 2008 based on phylogenetic data, such as the sequences of these organisms' ribosomal RNA genes, and the presence of a form of type I topoisomerase that was previously thought to be unique to the eukaryotes
A study has revealed that Thaumarchaeota are most likely the dominant producers of the critical vitamin B12. Due to this vitamin, this finding has not just important implications for phytoplankton, but also atmospheric carbon dioxide, as well as DNA generation and organism development in all life which depends on the vitamin.
Found in soil, hot springs, radioactive waste water, Earth's crust, organic matter, bodies of plants and animals etc.
Cell walls have Peptidoglycan / Lipopolysaccharide (Latter does not)
Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals.
Ester Linked (Key biological molecule)
Spheres which can have
many different arrangements
Example: Staphylococcus aureus
Reproduce both asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion
Have membrane-bound organelles (including a nucleus containing genetic material)
Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission, fragmentation, or budding; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no known species forms spores.
Characterized by different membrane structure
Archaea have more complex RNA than Bacteria.
They also live in extreme conditions
Archaea evolved many cell sizes, but all are relatively small. The biochemistry is different and unique
Presence of different chemical linkages in Archaea adds to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and highly acidic conditions, but many archea live in mild environments. (Ether Links)
Do not have ether linkages like Archaea, and they are grouped into a different category, hence a different domain. Bacteria can form spores, archea cannot
Ethers are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin.
Membranes are made of un-branched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages (important biological molecule)
Bacteria contain peptidoglycans (a molecule composed of both protein and sugar rings) in their cell walls. However, archaea do not have this compound in their cell walls
Most bacteria fall under this
hard to determine the number of them
