Phonetics and Phonology (Pronunciation)

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Phonetics and Phonology (Pronunciation)

Phonology

Phonology is about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different languages

Phonology as grammar of phonetic patterns

The consonant cluster /st/ is OK at the beginning, middle or end of words in English. At beginnings of words, /str/ is OK in English, but /ftr/ or /tr/ are not (they are ungrammatical).

Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language)

Phonological systems

Phonology is not just (or even mainly) concerned with categories or objects (such as consonants, vowels, phonemes, allophones, etc.) but is also crucially about relations. For example, the English stops and fricatives can be grouped into related pairs which differ in voicing and (for the stops) aspiration:

Phonemes and allophones, or sounds and their variants

They are three variants or allophones of the /u/ phoneme. The different variants are dependent on the different contexts in which they occur. Likewise, the consonant phoneme /k/ has different variant pronunciations in different contexts.

Phonetics

Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of the language being spoken.

Modern phonetics has three branches:

Auditory phonetics

which addresses the way listeners perceive and understand linguistic signals

Acoustic phonetics

which addresses the acoustic results of different articulations

Articulatory phonetics

which addresses the way sounds are made with the articulators