a Ryan Doolan 5 éve
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Enlistment: 58,000 people volunteered. Attractive $1.30/day and $60/month for a wife and $30/month per child at home. Some still had strong ties to Britain. New sense of Canadian pride.
War again on land: Canada's army consisted of 4500 mens, 29 Bren guns and 23 anti-tank guns, 16 tanks, no artillery. Canada's Air Force consisted of: 3100 men, 270 OLD aircraft, 19 Hurricane combat fighters. Canada's Navy consisted of: 1819 sailors, 13 ships.
Canada's Choice: Training the Troops; Canada not prepared for war. Canadian forces expanded rapidly. Training bases established across Canada. BCATP had 97 training schools. Trained 50,000 pilots, 30,000 navigators and 50,000 other air crew. 2 billion to train.
Canada's Choice: Aboriginals enlisted at a higher rate than any other group. Tommy Price an Aboriginal, was once Canada's most decorated soldier.
Allies: Britain, USA, Canada Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan.
Canada's Choice: Why was it significant that Canada waited one week after Britain to declare war? Because they were their own country. In WWI Britain declared war for Canada. In 1939 Canada is independent and declares for itself. Many Canadians were reluctant to be drawn into war again. King hated war, but saw this as an opportunity to impress the world. BEFORE declaring war, War Measures Act declared giving government special powers to arrest and detain enemies. Government censors information and regulates economy. Munition plants begin producing. Unemployed have work now. French Canadians didn't feel ties to help Britain once again. Canada now in control of when and how it participate in WWII.
Canada's Early Contribution: At first King says Canada will only provide supplies and not troops. Didn't want to strain economy or increase England/French tensions. British commonwealth Air Training Plan. British pilots trained in Canada. Good for Canadian economy. Effort on Canadian soil pleases Quebec.
Lessons: Some historians argue that Dieppe was a useless battle. Others argue that it was necessary lesson in preparation for D-Day. Better planning would have avoided heavy casualties.
Losses: Of the 5000 Canadians participated, only 2210 returned, mny injured. 1946 prisoners of war. 908 killed.
The outcome: A few soldiers made it to the sea wall for shelter but could not be evacuated and had to surrender. Some Canadians met little resistance and were able to destroy some large coastal guns, but suffered losses when German reinforcements arrived.
The Raid's Flaws: Aim was to storm the beach just before dawn, with 5000 soldiers destroy coastal defences and seize a small airport. Lost element of surprise, encountered a German convoy. Arrived in daylight. Poor intelligence about the beaches (cliffs and rocks). Poor ship to shore communication. Not enough naval or air support.
The Dieppe Raid: Why was the raid planned? Stalin was demanding a second front. Assess and test German defences. Practice for full-scale invasion. Canadians were restless. Boost morales.
War begins: September 1 1939, Hitler invades Poland. Britain and France decide this is to far and declares war on Germany. Canada declares war one week later. "Blitzkrieg - The Lightening war": Hitler captured Poland in less than one month.
War at Sea: The Royal Canadian Air Force; Tiny Navy grew from 400 ships to 100,000. Played an important role in the Battle of the Atlantic against u-boats. Britain would have starved without the convoys of supplies. Until 1942 Canada was alone fighting German underwater menace with corvette ships. German u-boats were doing lots of damage. Some even got into the St. Lawrence River and sank ships in Canadian waters. Contribution of Canadian Merchant Marines was nothing less than heroic.
Social Impact: 1 and 12 served. increase government role. National Bank. CBC. Rationing (meatless days, no cuffs) Wage freezes. Media censored.
Conscription Crisis (1942): King promised no conscription because he didn't want to divide the English and French canadians again. Then he had conscription only for service in Canada. In 1942 he asked the country to release him from his promise. English canadians agreed to conscription. French canadians say "NO" as they wanted Canada to declare a 'friendly neutrality".
Woman-Back the up: Worked in factories. Worked on farms. Did medical care. In 1939 only 600,000 woman were employed by the end of the war, 2 million woman were employed.
Canadians on the Homefront: Canadian Woman's Auxiliary Air Force (CWAAF) established in July 1941. Canadian Woman's Army Corps (CWAC) established in August 1941. Woman Royal Canadian Navy Service (WRENS) established in 1942.
Canadians on the Homefront: Woman in the Armed Forces; 1941 woman were permitted to join. A turning point for woman. Recruit woman who were single because they didn't want to disrupt child raising (thought delinquent children were caused by mothers who worked). Evening shifts given to mothers. Became radar operators, truck drivers, ambulance drivers.
The beginning of WWII: Policy of Appeasement: In 1938 Hitler took over Austria with the goal of uniting all Germans and creating "living space" for Germans. Hitler than threatened to occupy parts of Czechoslovakia that had a large German population. England and France decided to give into Hitler's demands and hoped that he would stop once he had Czechoslovakia. They even admitted that the Treaty of Versailles was to harsh on Germany and that they would not have to pay for the war damages.
WWII Timeline: September 1, 1939; Germany invades Poland. September 3, 1939; Britain and France declare war on Germany. September 10, 1939; Canada declares war. 1940-1943; Battle of the Atlantic. 1940; Italy and Germany invades North Africa and Eastern Europe. June 22, 1940; France surrenders to Germany. August 1940; Battle of Britain begins. June 1941; Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. December 7, 1941; Japan bombs Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. August 19, 1942; Dieppe Raid. 1943; Allied forces invade Italy. 1944; Soviet troops advancing into Eastern Europe, Germany retreats. June 6, 1944; D-Day. May 8, 1945; Germany surrenders. August 6, 1945; Atomic bomb dropped in Hiroshima. August 9, 1945; Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki. August 15, 1945; Japan surrenders. WWII ENDS!
The Plan: Highly planned and practice. 5 Divisions landed along 80 km of beach front. Canada landed on JUNO BEACH. Attack preceded by air and sea bombardments to knock out as many German positions as possible. Troops parachuted in the night before to cut off German reinforcements. 15,000 Canadian troops were involved. Weather slowed down the attack. D-Day was successful; Canadians accomplished their goals of securing land and villages. The Normandy campaign was successfully complete in August 1944 the troops liberated Paris. March 1945 Allies invade Germany. Canadians suffered 1074 casualties, including 359 killed.
D-Day: By 1944 Germany was occupying most of Europe; Anticipating an attack, Hitler had built up the defences along the Atlantic coast. "Operation overload" was the Allied plan to attack and open up a western front.
Refugees: Going home not possible for all. Millions of refugees left in war camps including concentration camp survivors with no homes or belongings. Canada accepted 165,000 who spoke no English. Concern that these immigrants may change the composition of Canada's population so they discriminated against Italians, Greeks, Jews and non-whites. Soon realized they created jobs and opened doors to all.
New Canadians: 1 and 5 vets returned with a war bride and children. 48,000 war brides a kids came to Canada.
Post-war Era: Immediate Post-war Era; Government attempts to ease vets back into society in a positive manner by giving pre-war jobs back, giving war widows and vets preference for government jobs, free tuition and living allowances for those wanting to go to college or university, government money to purchase farms and small businesses, and easier access to get mortgages.
Woman at War: Woman on the war front; 2000 enlisted as nurses (bluebirds), 1000 worked in the Royal Air Force, Got involved in organizations, drove ambulances, were mechanics.
Woman at war: Woman on the homefront; 33,000 worked in munition factories. 6000 were employed in the civil service, planted gardens, sent care packages, canned can food.
War on the Homefront: Contribution to the war effort; Canada was an important munition supplier. At the start of war, 1 small factory existed, by 1917 Canada shipped millions of dollars worth of shells made in 600 factories with 250,000 employees.
Fascism: A form of government which is a type of one-party dictatorship. They are against democracy. Dictatorship: One person in power, whatever they say goes.
War on the Homefront: Military Services Act; By 1916, voluntary recruits were few, Prime Minister Borden introduced conscription. All men 20-45 years old must serve in the war, the topic divided the Country. Many people appealed, few showed up for training, riots broke out. In the end, only 24,000 conscripts saw action.
The Treaty of Versailles: Ended WWI. Germany must recognize that Austria, Czech, Yugoslavia and Poland are independent. Germany gives up all overseas possessions. Germany military restricted to 30 ships, no u-boats, 100,000 men and no air force. Germany has to accept responsibility "war guilt clause". Germany has to pay for all wartime damage to Allied powers. League of Nations established (baby UN).
War on the Homefront: Support was widespread early on; people donated to soldiers families, families changed eating habits so butter, meat, sugar and wheat could be sent to the troops. Farmers played an important role; 12000 boys became soldiers of the soil, did well when the price of wheat rose with increased orders. Pacifists opposed the war on principle: German-Canadians were treated badly; property was destroyed, towns were re-named, German language and music was forbidden. 1915-9000 Ukrainians were sent to internment camps for the duration of the war.
British generals tried to break up Canadian contingents and mix, Canadian troops with other regiments, General curries fought against the plan. Canadian offences together were some of the most successful. Canadian won at Arras, combria, and valenciennes. They captured more territory, prisoners and equipment that American forces 6 time their size. Canadians defeated 1/4 of the German army.
End of the War: The "Hundred Days" ; The new offensive began when thousands of soldiers and tonnes of artillery were secretly gathered at the French railway city of Amiens. The surprise attack captured 13 km in a day. The final offensive began in August and ended in November of 1918. The Germans began to retreat. As they withdrew they destroyed roads, bridges, factories, and towns to slow the Allies pursuit.
In March 1918, the Germans used massed attacks at weak points to drive deep into France. Positions won by Canadians at high costs were lost in weeks: Ypres, the Somme Passchendaele, and everything but Vimy Ridge. BY summer the GErmans were 75km from Paris. However they were stopped by shortages of troops and food.
End of the War: 2 important events changed the course of the war in 1917; The United States enters the war: tired of losing ships and passenger liners, the US declares war on Germany. The Bolshevik (communist) revolution in Russia: The czar is overthrown and the communist promise "peace and bread".
Causes of WWI: Archduke and Archduchess visit Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip fires two shots. Gavrilo Princip is arrested. Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for the deaths of Archduke and Archduchess. Austria -Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia agrees to 2 of the 3 terms of the ultimatum. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia. France mobilizes to support its Russian ally. Germany orders France and Russia to mobilizing. Germany declares war on Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany.
The Halifax Explosion: Halifax was an important port. 2 cargo ships collided in the harbour, 1 ship had been carrying 2400 tons of explosives. Produced the largest explosion in history to that date, entire blocks of the city were flattened. 2,000 dead, 9000 injured, thousands homeless.
The Battle of Somme: Tanks were used for the first time. Canadians fought under British General Haig. Canadians fought so heroically at the Somme that they were called storm troopers and later were often used to lead an attack. 24000 Canadian casualties.
Weapons in WWI: Machine guns were used on both sides, their purpose was to attack enemy soldiers in combat. They were effective because they killed many men, they were used to defend against enemy soldiers in combat.
Television: First 2 stations in 1952. Quiz shows. Music variety shows (Ed Sullivan). Sitcoms (I Love Lucy). Sporting events (Hockey Night in Canada). Lots of commercials.
The Battle of Passchendaele: One of the most bitter disasters for Canadians. Sea of mud. 16000 Canadian lives sacrificed for only 7km of land that the Germans won back.
The Battle of Vimy Ridge: The greatest Canadian victory. After several unsuccessful attempts by French and British troops to push Germany from this vantage point, Canada launched its attack. The 1st time that all 4 Canadian divisions fought together and in a few hours they captured the ridge. Took more ground, more guns, and more prisoners that day than any other Country in 2 1/2 years. 4 Victoria Cross winners. Some say that at that moment- it's first clear-cut national military success- Canada became a nation.
