Theories of Learning August 2018

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Floating topic

Radical Behaviourism

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Connectivism

Technological Teaching Tools

Flipgrid

Games

• Game reward systems can be modeled in non-game environments, including personal and business environments, to provide positive motivation for individuals to change their behavior

Examples: board games, puzzles

Gizmos

mBot

Behaviour

Experiential Learning Theory

• David Allen Kolb, founding father
• Cyclical process that capitalizes on the participants' experiences for acquisition of knowledge
• provides a holistic model of the learning process and a multi-linear model of adult development

Review

Observation

Reflection

Experimentation

Planning

Thinking

Setting goals

Environmental Interaction

Theory of Moral Development

• Founding father: Lawrence Kohlberg

Post-Conventional

Conventional

Pre-Conventional

Moral decision making & reasoning

Social Cognitive Theory

• Founding father: Albert Bandura
• learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior
• Behavior, Personal factors, and Environmental factors all influence each other
• Considered as a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive theories

direct correlation between a person's perceived self-efficacy and behavioral change

Sociocultural Theory

• Founding father: Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky
• development depends on interaction with people and the tools that the culture provides to help form their own view of the world
• active social interaction

Bioecological Model of Human Development

• Urie Bronfenbrenner, founding father
• Attributes the driving force of development to so-called proximal processes: stimulating, regular face-to-face interactions over extended periods with people, objects, or symbols, which promote the realization of the genetic potential for effective biological, psychological, and social development

Biological Processes, Cognitive Processes, and Socioemotional Processes

Ecologies

Settings

Context

student’s relationship with and development within this sociocultural world

principal proponent of culture: language

significance of culture

performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states

Production (or reproduction) processes

Motivational processes

Retention processes

Attentional processes

Information Processing Theory

• Concerned with how people view their environment, how they put that information memory, and how they retrieve that information later on

addresses how people respond to the information they receive through their senses and how they further process those information with steps of attention, forgetting, and retention.

long-term memory

short-term memory

sensory memory

Theory of Human Motivation

• Abraham Harold Maslow
• Hierarchy of needs
• integrated wholeness of the organism must be one of the foundation stones of motivation theory

hierarchy of needs

Bloom's Taxanomy

• Benjamin Samuel Bloom, founding father
• Promotes higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles, rather than just remembering facts (rote learning).

Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation

Attitude

Skills

Kowledge

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Howard Gardner, founder
• utilizes aspects of cognitive and developmental psychology, anthropology, and sociology to explain the human intellect
• All human beings possess all nine intelligences in varying degrees
• Each individual has a different intelligence profile
• Education can be improved by assessment of students' intelligence profiles and designing activities accordingly
• Each intelligence occupies a different area of the brain
• The nine intelligences may operate in consort or independently from one another
• These nine intelligences may define the human species.
• There is no set method by which to incorporate the theory

Verbal/Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Visual/Spatial, Bodily/Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalisti, Existential Intelligence

Theory of Identity Development

• Erik H. Erikson, founder
• comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood

Constructivism

• learning is a process of constructing meaning; make sense of their experience
• a synthesis of multiple theories diffused into one form
• assimilation of both behaviorialist and cognitive ideals

Formal learning environments

Social Interaction

Investigation

Learner-centric

Involvement

Commitment

Cognitivism

• Computational and structured

Cognitive Development Stages

• Adaptation of instruction
• Content of instruction needs to be consistent with the developmental level of the learner
• Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2) - gaining motor control and learning about physical objects
• Preoperational Stage (ages 2 to 7) - verbal skills
• Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7 to 11) - deals with abstract concepts such as numbers and relationships
• Formal Operational Stage, (adolescence to adulthood) - begins to reason logically and systematically

Cognitive development

Subtopic

Learning strategies

cognitive dissonance

critical thinking

divergent thinking

convergent thinking

Piaget

Equilibration

Accommodation

Assimilation

Lev Vygotsky

Zone of Proximal Development

Elaboration

Organization

Focuses on the inner mental activities – opening the “black box" of the human mind is valuable and necessary for understanding how people learn

Behaviorism

• Can be traced back to Aristotle,
• Founding fathers: John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov
• observable & measurable aspects of human behaviour
• specific stimuli elicit response
• external factors over internal, e.g. mental

Human behaviour

Learning

Teaching

Knowledge

Aristotle’s thoughts

John B. Watson

B. F. Skinner

Ivan Pavlov

hypothesis behind behavioralist learning theories is that all learning occurs when behavior is influenced and changed by external factors

Genetic Factors; Environment(association /reinforcement)

Response to stimuli

Culture

Rewards

Motivation

THEORIES OF LEARNING

Use of technology to enhance learning

How People Learn

LEARNING DESIGN