Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm
***Transcription and translation can happen simulaneously in prokaryotes**
Oxidation of pyruvate molecules to form Acetyl Co-A
Eukaryotic cells contain organelles
Cells belonging to different organs all have the same genes, but, depending on the function of the organ, only some are expressed.
Genes are expensive to express for a unicellular organism
in prokaryotes, operators control whether a gene is on or off
In multicellular organisms, cells need to take on a specific role
Information from DNA is transmitted to RNA
Based on endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts should have DNA, ribosomes, and proteins.
RNA uses that information to make proteins
Biological Organization
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs and Organ Systems
Tissues
Cells
Prokaryotic
capsule-protection
nucleiod- where DNA is found
pili and fimbrae- help attach to other cells
flagella-for movement
protein synthesis occurs on 50S and 30 S subunits
don't have organelles
Eukaryotic
compartmentalized by membranes.
this helps different organelles perform different functions simultaneously
protein synthesis occurs on 60s and 40s subunits
Organelles
Cell membrane
Controls what goes in and out of cell.
simple diffusion
osmosis
movement of water
facilitated diffusion
small nonpolar ions down a gradient
active transport
G-protein
cell wall
vacuoles
peroxisomes
nucleus
lysosomes
Centioles
Vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
choloroplasts
Ribosomes
ER
Mitochondria
power plant of cell
makes energy by forming ATP
energy made by cell respiration
NADH and FADH enter electron transport chain. They're oxidized to form ATP.
Glycolysis to form pyruvate
cytoplasm
everything inside the membrane
molecules
Polar bonds are hydrophilic.
Nonpolar bonds are hydrophobic.
"Like dissolves like."
Biological molecules
nucleic acids
Made up of individual components known as nucleotides
RNA
DNA
proteins
Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins with different functions
polymers made from monomers
Carbohydrates
starch
Sugars
monosaccharide
suga made of one monomer
dissacharide
sugar made of 2 monomers
polysaccharide
sugar made of many monomers
Lipids
Synthesize hormones and generate energy
triglyceride
lipid made of 2 fatty acids and a glycerol
phospholipid
lipid made of 2 fatty acids, one glycerol, and a hydrophillic head
Nonpolar
Covalent(if electronegativities are similar)
Polar
Hydrogen Bonds ( when H forms a bon with N, O, or F)
Covalent bonds ( polar if the electronegativities are very different)
