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Projectile weapons were used to weaken the opposing army before contact
Javelins
Spears
Slings
Foreigners infiltrated the country
15th century BCE
In the Nile Delta
1175 BCE
1274 BCE
Shields, spears, cudgels, bows and arrows, etc
Kings wore a white crown
Kings wore a red crown
Prisoners of war
Majority of population
Educated class
Managed property, taxes, storehouses
Instated laws, taxation, etc
Last pharaoh of Egypt
Founded Memphis
1st dynasty began with him
Nubian king responsible for uniting Egypt
Extended Egypt's southern borders
His vizier was Imhotep
Devised idea of step pyramid
Started a zoo
Found a land rich in products
Led a 1000km expedition out of Egypt into Punt
born into non-royal family
Most powerful pharaoh
Walked with a limp
His left foot had been clubbed
Tomb discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter
Challenged intellectual structure of Egypt
His revolution angered priests and nobles
All of his monuments were destroyed upon his death
Abandoned traditional gods of Egypt and introduced god Aten
Changed his name in honour of Aten
Introduced god Ate, disc of the sun
Expanded empire
Known as the "Napoleon of Egypt"
Greatest warrior pharaoh
Name means "Foremost of noble ladies"
Ruled in co-regency with Thut III after the death of Thut II
Married Thut II at age 12
Was the only living heir of Pharaoh Thutmosis I and his Great Wife
His death caused the division of the Old Kingdom
Lived to the age of 94
Greeks ruled Egypt for 300 years
Greeks captured Middle East, Asia, Egypt
Alexander "The Great" rose to power in Greece and conquered Mediterranean in 300s BCE
Nobles & priests fought for power
Prosperity returned
Irrigation systems repaired and improved
Priests replaced god Re with patron god of Thebes, Amon
Position of governor was granted to middle class citizens
Humble origins made them obedient
Pyramids of Giza were built
Comforted their husband
Denied roles of superiority (scribes, government members)
Head of the household
Young boys shaved their heads, leaving one lock of hair. When they reached manhood, their lock was cut off
Male children were most desired, for it was they who organized their parents' funeral processions
Children were deemed important
Wealthy citizens had larger residences
Homes were walled-in
Several bedrooms, storerooms
Central rooms stated the wealth of a home owner
Amenities such as fruit trees, slaves and gardens
Poor folks lived in simple huts
Homes were close together
Lacked amenities like gardens
Wealthy people ate beef, antelope, gazelle, baked goods and drank wine
Common people ate bread, ducks and geese and drank beer from barley
People used hair combs, mirrors and razors
Makeup and perfume indicated upper class citizens
Some people wore dark wigs to protect themselves from the sun
In the Middle and New kingdoms, wigs were beaded
Wealthy individuals wore white linen gowns, leather sandals and capes
In the Middle and New kingdoms, gowns became more ornamented
Farmers wore bin cloths or tunics
Footwear was very uncommon. In rainy weather, they wrapped their feet in rags
Pharaohs
Painted in profile view
Very commonly depicted in art form
Gods
The Heavens
A gift from Toth
24 basic consonants
First temple built to god Ptah
Still around 3500 years later
Capital city
Pharaohs' treasures
Became centre of Greek-speaking world
Trading hub
Named after Alexander "The Great"
Acted as a defensive border on Egypt's North
Utilized for trade between Egypt and other countries such as Greece, Italy and Turkey.
Branches into "White" and "Blue" Nile in modern day Sudan.
White Nile is in Sudan
Blue Nile is in Ethiopia
Crucial for farming
Acted as a sustainable source of food and water.
Lifeblood of ancient Egypt. It made the desert habitable.
Over 4000 miles
Delta
106km in length
Makes for 240km of coastline
Lower Egypt
Nile River's delta (turns into Mediterranean)
Upper Egypt
Black Land
Rich soil along the banks of the Nile
Egyptians called it "Kemet"
Red Land
Land beyond fertile region
Acted as a border of defence on Egypt's South, East and West
Preserved the bodies and souls of the deceased and increased their likelihood of entering afterlife
Falcon head
Sky god
Cow head
Motherhood/ fertility
God war, healing
Funerary practices
Head of hawk
God of sun
God of underworld
Temples, pyramids and palaces were mainly made of stone
Built by farmers during flood season and soldiers when not needed
Pyramids of Giza
Fourth Dynasty's creation
Took 20 years to build each pyramid
Built to honour Pharaoh Khufu
Step pyramid of Djoser
Required 1000s of labourers and 1000s of tonnes of stone
First monumental stone building constructed
60m in height, 10m per step
Predates the Great Pyramids of Giza
Built in Saqqara
Temple of Thoth
Temple of Dendur
Luxor temple
Great Aten temple
Science, medicine and math were taught
Scribes and priests trainees
Controlled by priests
Boats traveled along the Nile River and the Mediterranean Sea
Ivory
Animals
Ebony
Resins
Grain
Papyrus
Woods
Linen
Gold
Annual floods of the Nile were very important
Kept land fertile
Fruits
Barley
Wheat
Vegetables
