Diversity

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The Roaring 20's

Barry McCannにより

POSTMODERNISM

ayda lopezにより

Bacteria and Archaea

Sloan Andersonにより

ID

ayood heloにより

Diversity

Archaea

archaea

4.Thermopiles

Live in extremely hot water (above 100 c)

Found in hot springs inYellowstone National Park,and deep sea vents

3.Acidophiles

Can live at Ph of 0

Found in volcanic craters and mine drainage lakes

2.Halophiles

Live in very salty water

Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake,

1.Methanogens

Live in anaerobic environment (no oxygen}

Obtain energy by changing H2 and CO2 intomethane gas

Found in swamps, marshes, sewage treatmentplants, digestive tracts of animals, landfills

Bacteria

bacteria

4. DEATH PHASE:

wastesbuild up and food

sources are depleted

Bacteria start to die

3. STATIONARY PHASE:

more and more bacteriaare competing

dwindling food supply

Growth stabilizes

2. LOG PHASE:

rapidbacterial growth atan exponential rate

1. LAG PHASE:

growthis slow as bacteriaacclimates to foodand nutrients

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria:

Have a thick protein layeron cell wall and will stain purple

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria:

Have a thin protein layeron cell wall and will stain pink

2. Conjugation

Sexual Reproduction

Transfer of geneticmaterial (plasmids)

Sex pilus is used to sharegenetic information

1. Binary Fission

Asexual Reproduction

Produces 2 geneticallyidentical cells

Groupings: (prefix)

Diplo – pairs

Staphylo – clusters

Strepto – chains

Shapes:

Cocci – round

Bacilli – rod-shaped

Spirilli – spiral-shaped

can be helpful or pathogenic

Contain plasmids: small,circular pieces of DNA

autotroph (produces own food

heterotroph (must obtain food

Bacteria are prokaryotes

mostly unicellular organisms

mesophilic:live in environments withmoderate condition

Genetic material iscontained in nucleoid

Genetic material iscontained in nucleoid

Viruses

• Lysogenic Cycle:

Virus’s genetic material enters the host

cell’s nucleus and inserts itself into the

host’s chromosomes called a provirus

it is copied every timethe host cell divides

Viral DNA staysdormant (inactive

• Lytic Cycle:

Once virus is replicatedand assembled

host cellruptures releasing

new virus into surroundings

Host cell is destroyed

2. Narrow Host Range

infects only 1-3 species/cells

Viruses cannot reproduce on their own

onlyreplicate when they are in a living host cell

1. Broad Host Range:

infects many species/cells

Acellular  non-living

Very small organisms (20-400 nm)

DNA or RNA core

Capsid: protein coatsurrounding the core

Sometimes have anenvelope surroundingthe capsid

Viruses are generally selective: specific virusesonly enter specific hosts, cells or tissues

Host range: thenumber of host

species, tissues orcells that can beinfected by a virus

Eukarya

Fungi

Club Fungi

multicellular

mushrooms,puffballs

sexual basiospore from basidium

mycelium

Sac Fungi

largest group

powdery mildews on leaves,struffles

reproduction sexual

bearing asci small finger-like sacs

single-celled yeasts reproduce asexually by budding

Zygospore Fungi

multicellular (land)

mostly terrestrial

common moulds bread mould

reproduces asexually

produce zygospore

remains dormant until favorable conditions return

Chytrids

mostly unicellular

Aquatic

spores have flagella

parasitic or live on decaying organisms

live in soil

causes potato wart disease

Fungi imperfecti

reproduce asexually

produces penicillin

make soy sauce and some cheeses

plantae

Angiosperms

flowers are reproductive structure

includes,grass,rose,eucalypts

Gymnosperms

tall,woody

have,roots stems and needle-like leaves

conifers cycadophytes and ginkgophtes

Ferns

Have roots,stems and leaves

vascular

No flowers or seed produces spores

contain fronds

contain rhizomes

Bryophytes(Mosses)

Non-vascular

No roots,just rhizoids

monocot

contain one cotyledons

corn,orchids,onions

dicot

contain two cotyledons

dandelions, crap apple maple trees

cotyledons stucture that stores food used by the embryo

Animalia

porifera

sessile

asymmetrical

no organs or tissues

only 2 germ layers

body have only 1 opening (food in,waste out)

cnidaria

medusa

umbrella-shaped free-swimming form

jellyfish

body have only 1 opening

the oldest animal groups

radial

stinging tentacles

have tissues and simple nervous system

jellyfish,coral,hydra

polyp

tube-shaped sessile body form

adult sea anemones,corals

platyheminthes

acoelomates

have all 3 germ layers

body has only 1 opening

bilateral body symmetry

nerve cells at the head end

nematoda

mostly microsopic

body have 2 opening mouth at one end,anus at the other end

simple nervous and digestive

many are parasitic

move by muscle

roundworms pinworm

annelida

have a coelem

simple nervous system

tube-like body divided into ringed segments

segmented worms,earhworms

mollusca

has 3 germ layers

have a coele

body have 2 opening

mantle organs

respiratory system

sensory systems

hard shell

snails,slugs,octopus,clams,oysters

1.bivalvia

oysters,clams,muscles

2.gastropda

snails and slugs

3.cephalopoda

octopuses and squids

arthropoda

largest animal phylum

joint legged

exoskeleton made of chitin

nervous systems

divided into 4 major groups

spiders,scorpions,crayfish,crabs

echinodermata

marine animals

radial symmetry

water-vascular system

endoskleton internal skeleton

reproduce sexually and asexually

starfish,sea urchins,sand dollars

chordata

3.gill slits

in the throat embryo

2. notochord

flexible,rod-shaped

1.dorsal nerve card

tube-shaped

most are vertebrates

bilateral symmetry

coelomates

motille sessile

sexually reproduction

fish,froges,snakes,birds,dogs,humans

Subtopic

mammalia

placental mammals

whales, elephants, shrews, and armadillos

marsupials

kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, the koala, the Tasmanian devil, and opossums.

monotremes

indigenous to Australia and New Guinea

rats, cats, dogs, deer, monkeys, apes, bats, whales, dolphins, and humans.

aves

sparrow, crow, doves, ducks, pigeons, flamingo

reptilia

turtles (Testudines), snakes and lizards (Lepidosauria)

crocodiles and their relatives (Crocodilia), and birds (Aves)

amphibia

frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts.

osteichthyes

bony fishes

salmon, herring, eels, anchovies, and clownfish,

chondrichthyes

sexual reproduction

cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage.

protista

3 major protista groups

slimemoulds,water moulds

2.animal-like protists

cerrozoans,cilliates,flagellates,sporozoans

1.plant-like protists

diaitoms,dinoflagellater,euglenoids,algae?

eukaryotes,unicellular,diverse group,asexually,auto or betero

3.fungi-like protists

C.water,moulds

decompase,water moist,absorb nutrients,irish potato famine

B.individual,pseudoplas modium,stalked,sporess

A.plasmodial slime moulds

decaying materil palsmodium,stalked,sporess

heter,living organisms,dead organisms,and wastes,spores

2.plants-like protists

D.multicellular algae....plants or protists

green algae

red algae

brown algae

C.euglenoids

fresh,chloroplasts,and phytoplankton,flagella,euglena

B.dinoflagellates

phytoplankton,food source,flagellas,algae blooms,red tide shellfish,symbiotic,zooxanthellae,coral reef bleaching

A.diatoms

phytoplankton,food source,silica,asexually,mitosis,and sexually

aquatic,auto,chloroplasts,unicellular,multicellular,brown green red algae,vascular

1.animal-like protists

D.sporozoans

parasitic,vectors,sexaul and asexaul,malaria,red blood cells

C.flagellates

flagella,digestive,parasitic,african,sleeping sikness

B.cilates

B.cilia,paramecium,large intestine

A.cerozoans

single celled amoeba,cell wall,cytoskeleton,pseudopods,small intestine

hetero parasitic,unicellular,motile(move)