によって Jessica Fernanda Valencia 3年前.
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Aware that having many material goods does not imply happiness, in Bhutan they defined this indicator that takes into account health care, the time available for family and friends, the conservation of natural resources and the environment, or the enjoyment of the art. Thus, for example, reducing the working day is undoubtedly a good measure, because not only would unemployment be reduced, but we would also have more free time. The idea is very interesting, as long as it does not serve to stop worrying about poverty and inequality.
They measure the sustainability of a region, product or activity, with respect to its consumption of natural resources. High values of these indicators indicate a high consumption of resources, that is, a larger footprint indicates less sustainability. The ecological footprint measures the amount of territory that is required to maintain an activity or way of life, and compares it with the actual available territory. All industrialized countries need to maintain their lifestyle more than twice the territory they possess, so they are using resources that, in fairness, correspond to other people.
Defined by the UN, it uses 3 parameters to measure the quality of life of a country: -Life expectancy, -Decent standard of living (GDP per capita), and -Education (years of compulsory education, students enrolled at different levels, and literacy rates).
This index was born as a proposal by the United Nations (UN) to find out how respectful a nation is with the use of its natural resources. That is, without there being an overexploitation of its natural resources and without the spread of poverty. And it is that economic growth does not have a direct relationship with green GDP, that is, a nation can grow, but that does not translate into less overexploitation of its natural resources, in fact, in most cases it is just the opposite. The greater the depletion of natural resources, the less will be the economic success and quality of life in the future of humanity
Environmental And Economic Accounting System
It is that integration in the macroeconomic accounts of the National Accounting System broadens the concept of capital to encompass not only man-made capital but also non-produced natural capital, such as marine resources or tropical forests, land, soil, subsoil assets (mineral deposits), and resources air and water.
It is an indicator that seeks to measure economic well-being from an accounting perspective.
Social indicators
This section aims to measure people's quality of life. Therefore, it considers positive and quantifies activities that GDP totally ignores: housework, childcare, volunteer work, value of education, and the use of infrastructures).
Environmental indicators
They measure air, water, and noise pollution, as well as the loss of ecosystems (wetlands, farmlands, forests ...). The damages of climate change are also quantified (93 dollars per ton of CO2).
Economic indicators
They include economic measures, such as expenses in general, but also take into account the duration of durable goods (electrical appliances, cars ...). The latter will benefit societies that build more durable goods, avoiding planned obsolescence.
Max-Neef's needs and satisfiers matrix.
An important frame of reference, adapted to the solidarity rationality of an economy on a human scale, was developed in 1986 by Max-Neef (1998) in collaboration with A. Elizalde and M. Hopenhayn. Considering that development refers to people and not objects, it distinguishes the basic human needs considered finite and invariable, and disaggregated according to four existential categories (being, having, doing, being) and nine axiological categories (subsistence, protection, affection , understanding, participation, leisure, creation, identity, freedom) of the satisfiers of these needs (what societies generate to satisfy the needs, and they are culturally determined). This system allows us to reconceptualize a series of things, such as the concept of poverty. Poverty does not refer only to subsistence, according to economists, since there is also protection poverty due to the arms race or the increase in violence; poverty of affection, due to machismo and discrimination against women; poor understanding, since we have educational pseudo-systems; poverty of identity due to religious and ideological discrimination
"True Wealth" and "Genuine Savings"
The World Bank (1995) operationalizes the concept of sustainable development through the concept of “true wealth”. For this organization, “the process of sustainable development refers fundamentally to the creation, maintenance and administration of wealth
OCDE Sustainable Development Indicators.
These indicators were conceived primarily to measure environmental performance, in the national context, through a system of specific indicators for a chosen environmental service (such as biodiversity or climate change). The most used today is known as PER (Pressure-State-Response), which includes three types of indicators: A. Pressure indicators, which describe pressures exerted by human activities on the environment. B. State indicators, which refer to the quality of the environment, as well as the quantity and state of natural resources. C. Response indicators, which refer to the efforts made by society and by the authorities to reduce or mitigate the deterioration of the environment.
Index of Sustainable Economic Well-being (IBS)
The IBS (ISEW in English) was originally conceived by Daly and Cobb (1989). The sustainability of human well-being, over time, is calculated through a series of corrections to the conventional GDP calculation, and includes: A. A weighting of GDP according to income distribution, measured through the Gini coefficient (an index of measurement of inequality, in this case applied to national income). B. The reduction of the “defensive” expenses assumed by the population, as part of the expenses in health, transportation for work, or water and air pollution. C. The sum of the expenses that represent contributions to welfare, such as the construction of highways and public roads, or services that are not considered by the GDP, such as domestic work. D. The inclusion of values associated with the degradation of renewable and non-renewable natural capital and damage to environmental services (such as the deterioration of the ozone layer).
Human Development Index (IDH)
Created by A. Sen and M. Haq and adopted since 1990 by the United Nations Development Program. The HDI is an aggregate index, composed of the simple average of three indicators that have already been duly normalized: A. Longevity (measured in terms of life expectancy at birth); B. Educational level (based on degree of literacy); C. Standard of living (measured by GDP per capita). Furthermore, the HDI has contributed to breaking the illusion that economic growth would be positively correlated with improved living standards. However, the HDI is not free of problems: both in terms of the use of traditional weighting methods to add various elements without considering qualitative dimensions, as well as by not incorporating the environmental dimension, by excess of generalization or by being tied to the concept of development
Transforms entrepreneurs into the only valid economic operators, as in this scheme they are the only "wealth generators"
Dismisses all types of behaviour and economic activity in solidarity with production and reproduction, generating a well-being associated with meeting material and intangible needs
Encourages immediatistic behaviour on the part of both policy makers and employers, as it shortens the time horizon of accompaniment by referencing a year
Dismisses "unpaid" prevention or repair behaviours (cleaning of contaminated beaches, for example) of such destructions
Encourages unciviced and/or moral behaviour, as environmental, human and social destructions are counted as contributions to wealth
