Stuttering
Physical Characteristics
Core behaviors
Blocks: "blockages" of airflow or voicing of speech
Prolongations: Sound or airflow continuation but movement of the articulators is stopped
Repetitions: A sound, syllable, or single syllable word that is repeated several times
Reduced verbal output
Secondary behaviors
Avoidance behaviors: Anticipated and recalls negative experiences had when stuttering
Interjections such as "uh"
Changing the word wanted to say
Escape behaviors: When a speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word
Eye blinks
Head nods
Interjections of extra sounds such as "uh"
Physical tension or struggle
Emotional Responses
Fear
Surprise
Embarrasment
Frustration
Stutterer may limit themselves
In school
In social situations
At work
Theories
Behavioral Inhibition System: Hypothesizes that when an individual experiences frustration or fear, their innate response is freezing, flight or avoidance
References
Guitar, B. (2012).Stuttering: an integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Introduction to stuttering. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Guitar, B. (2012).Stuttering: an integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Theories about stuttering. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Asha.org
Sensory-Motor Modeling: Hypothesizes that individuals who stutter have less bidirectional fiber tracts between sensory and motor areas
Communicative Failure and Anticipatory Struggle theory: Hypothesizes that stuttering emerges from a child's experiences of frustration and failure when trying to talk
Capacities and Demands View: Hypothesizes that almost any developmental or environmental factor pressure may cause stuttering
Diagnosogenic View: When parents mistakenly diagnose stuttering
Multifactorial Dynamic View:To determine which factors interact when stuttering and how they interact
Covert Repair hypothesis: Explains language production point of view
Orton-Travis theory of stuttering: Stuttering is a disorder of brain organization
Description
Affects the fluency of speech
Characterized by an abnormally high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the forward flow of speech
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