Assignment 2: Musculoskeletal System

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Subtopic

Omar Adel

Clinical manifestation of skeletal-related diseases

Muscular dystrophy

severe form

Osteoporosis

stooped posture

Bone fracture

Arthritis

3 common types

Gout

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

one of the most common skeletal-related disease

Rickets

manifestations

Delayed growth

caused by

Objectives

2. Clinical manifestation of skeletal-related diseases

1. Structure and function of the skeletal system

Structure and function of the skeletal system

How our bones are repaired?

Bone growth

How do bone forms?

Endochondral bone formation

Intramembranous bone formation

Strength and thickness of the bones

What are the cells that can be found in bones?

osteoclasts

They remove the bone matrix by phagocytosis, dissolve the bone salts, and release the calcium and phosphate ions into the circulation

multinucleated cells related to macrophages, are concerned with bone resorption.

osteocytes

Make the bone calefied and more rigid, osteoblasts become incorporated within the bone and become transformed into relatively inactive mature bone cells called osteocytes.

Mature Osteoblast

osteoblasts

relation with mitosis

Dont undergo mitosis

function/purpose

secrete an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, that promotes deposition of calcium phosphate salts in the bone matrix to calcify the bone

definition

active bone-forming cells that produce the collagenous bone matrix.

What is skeleton?

XXXXXXX

What are the types of bone?

bones vary in size and appearance

irregular

protect various parts of your body. Eg, your vertebrae protect your spinal cord.

vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category. have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs

vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.

flat

protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs.

two thin layers of compact bone enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous bone, which is the location of red bone marrow.

occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, hip bone (coxal bone), sternum, ribs, and scapulae

short

provide stability to the wrist and ankle joints and also help facilitate some movements.

shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone. The outside surface is comprised of a thin layer of compact bone.

include the carpal bones of the hands that allow movement of the wrist, and the tarsal bones of the feet that allow movement of the ankle.

long

purpose

provides considerable strength without excessive weight. The parts of a typical long bone are referred to by specific terms.

the shape

e long cylindrical part, and the expanded ends of the shaft are called the epiphyses. The center of the shaft is hollowed out to form the marrow cavity, which is filled with fat and bone marrow.

where is it usually found?

upper and lower limbs, has a tubular shape with expanded ends.

cancellous bone

contains a high number of bone cells and is responsible for changes in bone growth and structure.

Inner, spongy layer of bone

cortical bone

mechanical strength and makes up the majority of the skeleton.

Outer layer of compact layer