Elements and Principles

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Elements and Principles

Architecture (New)

Unity & Variety – Keeping a consistent style while adding uniqueness. Example: A modern glass tower in a historic city such as the Louvre Pyramid

Rhythm – Repeating elements like windows or columns. Example: A row of evenly spaced arches such as the Great Mosque of Córdoba

Proportion & Scale – How parts relate in size. Example: Huge columns on ancient Greek temples like the Parthenon in Athens, Greece.

Balance – Symmetry or asymmetry in a building’s design. Example: A perfectly symmetrical palace such as the Palace of Versailles in France

Light & Shadow – How natural/artificial light interacts with a space. Example: Stained glass windows casting colored light. A building that shows this is the Sagrada Família in Barcelona

Color – The emotional impact of colors. Example: White buildings feel modern; red brick feels traditional. A building that shows this is the Sydney Opera House

Texture – The feel/look of materials. Example: Smooth glass vs. rough brick. An example of this is the Guggenheim Museum in New York, the museum’s exterior is made of smooth concrete which contrasts with the texture of the rough brick buildings in its surroundings.

Space – How open or enclosed a building feels. Example: High ceilings in a church create openness. building that shows this is the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris

Form – The 3D shape of a structure. Example: A dome on a cathedral. A building that shows this is the Pantheon in Rome

Line – The shape of a building’s edges. Example: Vertical lines in skyscrapers. building that shows this is Willis tower in Chicago

Music (Familiar)

Principles

Unity & Variety – Keeping a song cohesive while adding new elements. Example: A jazz piece maintaining a theme but improvising sections. A song that does this is Hotel California, by the Eagles.

Repetition – Patterns and repeated themes. Example: The chorus repeating in pop songs. A song that does this is Rolling in the Deep, by Adele, or We Will Rock You, by Queen.

Contrast – Using soft vs. loud, fast vs. slow. Example: A quiet verse leading to a powerful chorus. A song that does this is Bohemian Rhapsody, by Queen

Balance – How different instruments work together. Example: Orchestra sections blending their sounds. Smells Like Teen Spirit by Nirvana does this by balancing between heavy guitar, bass, and drums while keeping the vocals clear

Elements

Timbre – The unique sound of an instrument/voice. Example: A violin sounds different from a piano, even on the same note.

Tempo – The speed of a piece. Example: A fast tempo in electronic dance music.

Dynamics – Volume changes in music. Example: A soft intro building into a loud chorus.

Harmony – Multiple notes played together. Example: Chords in a choir or band.

Rhythm – The pattern of beats and timing. Example: A steady drumbeat in pop music.

Melody – The main tune of a song. Example: The opening theme of Harry Potter.