Categories: All - diagnostics - mutations - inflammation - cancer

by Jenny Friday 10 years ago

232

PATHO Ch. 9 Biological & Clinical Manifestations of Cancer

Cancer cells exhibit distinct behaviors compared to normal cells, including the ability to grow without being anchored and lacking contact inhibition, leading them to proliferate uncontrollably.

PATHO Ch. 9 Biological & Clinical Manifestations of Cancer

Cancer epidemiology

Environmental Risk Factors

Sexual Reproductive Behavior

Radiation

Alcohol Consumption

Obesity & Physical Activity

Diet

Xenobiotics
Foods that increase your risk versus those that decrease your risk
May account for 30% of the overall risk factors for cancer
Certain chemicals that can act like mutagens

Tobacco

Cigar & pipe smokers also at risk
Secondhand smoke (EST) contains many toxic chemicals
Increases risknfor multiple cancers
Multipotent carcinigenic mixture

Genes, Environmental/Lifestyle Factors & Cancer Risk

Two thirds of all cancers are caused by environmental/lifestyle factors & occupational exposure interacting with cell & its DNA

Biology & Clinical Manifestations of Cancer

Clinical Manifestations

Hair & skin
Hair loss
GI Tract
Infection
Immune system suppression
Anemia
Related to blood loss, malnutrition, or cancer in blood forming organs
Leukopenia & thrombocytopenia
Chemotherapy drugs are toxic to bone marrow
Direct tumor invasion to the bone marrow causes leukopenia & thrombocytopenia
Cachexia
Cancer cells stealing nutrition from normal cells
Results in wasting, emaciation, & decreased quality of life
Most severe form of malnutrition
Pain
Influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue, & overall physical deterioration
Occurs in 60-80% of terminally ill cancer patients
Little to no pain associated with early stages of malignancy

General Treatment Options

Metastisis

Lymphatic system
Venous system
Seeding
D: spread of cancer from a primary site of origin to a distant site
Characteristic sign of cancer

Cancer needs...

Will grow in any environment (including high acid or hypoxic states), & will steal what they need from healthy cells
No need for external growth factors
Subtopic
Blood supply
Angiogenesis

Growth of new blood vessels

Biology of cancer

Normal cells
Anchorage dependent

Must be anchored to something to grow

Have contact inhibition

Cells stop growing when they come into contact with each other

Cancer cells
Immortal

Will live forever, until host dies

Anchorage independence

Dont need to be anchored to something to grow

Lack contact inhibition

Dont stop growing when come into contact with one another - pile up

Classification

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Pic: basement membrane
Could...

3. Disappear entirely

2. Progress

1. Remain stable

Has properties of malignant tumors, but is not consideed cancer because it has not invaded basement memberane
Area of abnormal cell growth in epithelial tissue that hasn't invaded the basement membrane
Mitotic index
How many cells are currently reproducing
Benign vs. Malignant
Malignant

Can spread distantly (metastasis)

High mitotic index

Poorly differentiated

Invasive

Not encapsulated

Benign

Do not metastasize

Low mitotic index

Not invasive

Well-defined

Grow slowly

Malignant tumors
Named according to tissue from which it arises

Sarcomas

Connective, muscle, & bone tissue

Lymphomas

Lymphatic tissue

Carcinomas

Epithelial tissue

Metastasis

Ability of a malignant tumor to spread to other parts of the body

Pleomorphic: different size & shape from which they arise
Anaplasia: loss of differentiation
Disorganized & lose normal tissue structure
Grow rapidly
Benign Tumor
Named according to the tissues from which they arise
Well organized stroma (surrounding capsule)
Well differentiated

Diagnostics

Staging
Blood studies
Biopsies
Screening

Viruses, Bacteria, & Cancer

Heliobacter pylori
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas
Stomach carcinoma
Pepetic ulcer disease
Chronic infections associated with
About 15%nof cancers are viral related
Human papilloma virus
Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus
Epsein-Barr virus (EBV)
Hepatitis B & C viruses

Inflammation & Cancer

Damaged or suppressed immune system
In both cancer & inflammation, the site will be invaded by cells to stimulate cell & vessel growth
Cancer cells like to use immune cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages) to help the cancer grow
Consequently, those with autoimmune diseases are at higher risk of developing cancer

Cancer-Causing Mutations

Mutations & future generations
Offsring may be effected by DNA damage of parents
Cancer is also a disease of aging
Cell damage accumulation
Changes in the DNA & chromosomes of the cell are what cause cancer to occur

Tumor Markers

Used to....
Problem: false positives/negatives
Observe clinical course of cancer
Diagnose specific types of tumors
Screen & identify individuals at high risk for cancer
D: substances produced by cancer cells or that are found on plasma cell membranes inbthe blood, CSF, or urine
5. Genes
4. Enzymes
3. Hormones
2. Antibodies
1. Antigens

Cancer

Cancer: only refers to malignant tumors
Tumor/Neoplasm: new growth