Cell
Structure
Organelles
Nucleus
DNA
Nucleotides
Transcription
upstream
promoter
RNA polymerase
RNA transcript
5' cap
pre-mRNA
Intron splicing
mRNA
poly-A tail
Translation
tRNA
anticodon
amino acid
Ribosomes
binding sites
Peptidyl site
Aminoacyl site
Exit site
mRNA binding site
polypeptide
large subunit
small subunit
Initiation
Upstream
Promoter
Eukaryotes
RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase III
RNA transcript
Prokaryotes
RNA polymerase
Downstream
Nuclear Pores
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisome
Centrosome
Cell Wall
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubles
Plasma Membrane
Vacoule
Microvilli
Chloroplast
Thylakoid Membrane
Pilus
Nucleoid
Chromosomal DNA
Cell Capsule
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Inter-membrane Space
Inner Membrane
Granum
Mitochondrial Matrix
Eukaryotes
Animal Cells
Lysed
Normal
Shriveled
Plant Cells
Plasmolyzed
Flaccid
Turgid
Isotonic
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Redox Reactions
Oxidation
Reduction
Cytosol
Fermentation
Lactice Acid
Muscle Cells
Alcohol
Ethanol
Yeast
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Gluucose
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA
FADH2
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Complex 1
Proton Pumps
H+
Complex 2
Complex 3
Complex 4
Ubiquinone
Cytochrome C
ATP Synthase
Chemeiosmosis
Net 36-38 ATP per Glucose
ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Carrier
NADH
Electroins
ATP
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Splits H2O
Light Reactions
Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
NADP+
NADPH
Nature of Sunlight
Electromagnetic energy
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible Light
Light Receptors
Pigments
Absorb
Spectrophotometer
Absorption Spectrum
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Reflect
Accessory Pigments
Carotenoids
Photoprotection
Electromagnetic Wavelengths
Wavelengths
Photons
Excited State
Fluorescence
Cyclic Electron Flow
Action Specrum
Photophosphorylation
ADP
ATP
O2
Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation
CO2
Carbohydrate
Sugar
G3P
Cycle 3 Times
Phases
Carbon Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration
Components
Biological Molecules
Lipids
Fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated
Proteins
Amino Acids
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Alpha helix
Beta sheet
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Types
Integral Proteins
Trans-membrane Proteins
Types
Transport Proteins
Aquaporins
ATP Synthase
Nucleic Acids
nucleotides
Phosphate groups
Nitrogeneous base
ACGTU
nucleosides
Pentose sugar
Ribose
RNA
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Deoxyribose
Carbohydrates
monosaccharide
glucose
disaccharide
lactose
polysaccharide
Storage Polysaccharides
Starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Cellulose
Prokaryotes
Communication
Signal Transduction pathway
G-Protein Coupled receptor
G-Protein
GTP
GDP
cAMP
Second messengers
Phosphodiesterase
Nucleus
Protein
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Kinsaes
Protein Kinase A
Phosphotases
Protein Kinase
Transcription factor
Cellular Response
Apoptosis
Growth
Protein
DNA
mRNA
RNA
Phosphorylation Cascade
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Tyrosines
Dimerization
ATP
ADP
Long Distance Signaling
Blood Vessel
Local Signal
Synapse
Receptors
Receiving Cell
Signaling Hormones
Plasmodesmata
Cell Junction
Tight Junctions
Gap Junctions
Signaling Molecule
First Messengers
Epinephrine
Growth hormone
Division
Mitosis
Prophase
Chromatin
Kinetochore
Prometaphase
Centrosomes
Anaphase
Cleavage Furrow
Cell Plate
Telophase
Metaphase
Centromeres
Meiosis
Prophase 1
Prometaphase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Sister Chromatids
Transportation
Potassium Pump
Sodium Pump
Homologous Chromosomes
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Matter
Compounds
Ex) NaCl
Elements
Essential elements
Trace Elements
Ex) Copper
Atoms
Protons
Electrons
Energy
Free Energy
Exergonic
Endergonic
Energy Levels of Electrons
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Thermal Energy
Chemical Energy
Laws of Energy
Thermodynamics
Absorb Energy
Lose Energy
Electron Orbitals
s, p, d, f
Valence Electron/Shells
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Polar
Nonpolar
Attraction: Electronegativity
Ionic Bond
Cations
Anions
Hydrogen Bonds
Water
Temperature
Kinetic Energy
Thermal Energy
Heat
Calorie
High Specific Heat
Heat of Vaporization
Evaporative Cooling
Solvent
Aqueous Solution
Solute
Solution
Cohesion
Surface Tension
Adhesion
Reason Ice Floats on Water
Van Der Waals
Chemical Reactions
Break Bonds
Make Bonds
Metabolic Pathway
Catabolic
Anabolic
Up to 8 Electrons
Neutrons
Isotopes
Radioactive Isotopes
Carbon
6 Electrons
Carbon Skeletons
Length
Branching
Double Bond Position
Rings
Hydrocarbons
Atomic Nucleus
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Bonds
Single Bond
Triple Bond
Double Bond
Molecules
Molecular Shape/Function
Organic Molecules
CHONPS
Variation
Structural Isomers
Cis - Trans Isomers
Enantiomers
Polar Molecule
Nonpolar Molecule
Chemical Groups
Hydroxyl
-OH
Carbonyl
>C=O
Carboxyl
-COOH
Amino
-NH2
Sulfhydryl
-SH
Phosphate
-OPO3 2-
ATP
Adenosine
3 Phosphates
Methyl
-CH3
Floating topic
Acids and Bases
Hydrogen Ion (H+)
Hydroxide Ion (OH-)
PH
Scale
Acidic
<7
Neutral
=7
Basic
>7
1-14
Acid
PoH
Base
Buffers
Ocean Acidification
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
First Law
Second Law
Entropy
Spontaneity
Delta G is Negative
Non-spontaneity
Delta G is Positive
Delta G
Free Energy
Delta G = Delta H - T (Delta S)
Delta S: Change in Entropy
Delta H: Enthalpy
T: Temperature (K)
Flagella
ATP
Chemical Work
Transport Work
Mechanical Work
Hydrolysis
Energy Coupling
Phosphorylated Intermediate
Enzymes
Catalysts
Activation Energy
Substrates
Temperature
Cofactors
Coenzymes
Inhibitor
Normal Binding
Competitive Inhibition
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Allosteric Activation
Cooperativity
Feedback Inhibition
Active Site
6CO2 + 12H20 + Light E --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosystems
Reaction-center complex
Light-Harvesting complex
Primary Electron Acceptor
Photosystem II
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
Linear Electron Flows
Phospholipid Bilayer
Polar
Hydrophillic
Non-Polar
Hydrophobic
Chloroplast
Mesophyll
Stomata
Stoma
Stroma
Thylakoids
Chlorophyll
Thylakoid Space
DNA sequencing
DNA sequence is denatured
Synthesis of new strands
Labeled strands are separated
Next Generation sequencing
Genomic DNA is fragmented
Fragment isolated
Fragment is copied
Bead placed into a small well to hybidize
In each well, nucleotide is joined
Nucleotide is washed off
Process is repeated
DNA Cloning
Gene inserted into plasmid
Plasmid put into bacterial cell
Host cell grown to form clone of cells
Genes used in different ways
Recombinant DNA
Restriction enzyme cuts sugar phosphate backbones
DNA fragment from another source is added
DNA ligase seals the strands
Recombinant Plasmid
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Denaturation
Annealing
Extension
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cloning
Stem cell
Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells
iPS
Pluripotent
Plants
Totipotent
Animals
Dolly the lamb