1.1

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1.1 The Fundamental Chemistry of Life

Electron Arrangements

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy shell

Orbitals are a region of space that has electrons that are around the nucleus

Chemical Bonds

Chemical Reactions-there are 4 major types of chemical reactions in biological processes

Redox reactions is when electrons are lost from one atom and gained by another. - oxidation= when a molecule lost electrons - reduction= when a molecule gains electrons

Neutralization reactions is when an acid + base= salt and water.

Hydrolysis reactions is the opposite of dehydration where water is used as a reactant to split a large molecule

Dehydration Reactions (condensation) is when OH & H are removed from 2 reactants then form together to make a H2O and the reactants form together. They are mostly used to create larger molecules like carbs and proteins

Intermolecular forces is the force or attraction between 2 molecules - a.k.a van der Walls forces are very weak attractions between 2 molecules or parts of molecules, when they are close together

Hydrogen bonds are the attractive force 2 partially positively charged hydrogen atom & a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule. They are the strongest bonds VDW force but individual bonds are weak compared to ionic and covalent bonds

Polar Covalent Bond is the unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms with different electronegativity.

Covalent Bonds form when atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. - Electronegativity is the measure of an atom's attraction for additional electrons. It will increase as the distance between the electrons & the nucleus decrease

Ionic bonds are formed between atoms that have gained/lost electrons to become charged - positive ion = cation - negative ion = anion

Atomic Structure

Radioisotopes is a radioactive isotope of an element

Isotopes are different forms of the same element with different atomic masses (different number of neutrons)

- atomic number= number of protons - mass number= protons + neutrons - the bottom number is the atomic number