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Looks at the structure of the brain and their functions
Uses changes in blood flow to generate images that show brain activety and performance
Stands for Functional Magnetic resonance imaging
Stands for Computerized technology
A series of x-rays of the head are taken from many different directions
Looks at the structure only
Can also be any part of the body, not just the brain
Useful for quick assesing of brain injuries
Looks at the structure of the brain, but gets a more details pictures of the brain tissue
A more detailed 3D image of the brain and gives a percise mapping of the physical shape of the brain
Stands for Magnetic resonance imaging
Limitations of a PET Scan
The PET scan does not directly show the specific area in which the activity is occurring
Delay in reading the functionsing of the brain by 40 seconds
PET scans require am ejection of a radioactive tracer. It allows the neruoscientist to view the flow of the blood, oxygen and glucose levels.
This is not recommened for children or adults in great doses
During the PET scan
The part of the brain that shows less activity is green, blue and puprle
The part of the brain that is showing the greatest activity shows up as red, white and yellow
Views the structure of the brain to see which part if the brain is active during specific task or events
Stands for Positron Emisson Tomography
Responsible for the creative, artistic and emotional things
Responsible for the academic, verbal and analytical things
Two small almond, it is considered the brains alarm system
Plays a major role in the control of emotions. The amyglda forms unconscious memories based on emotional responses
Two walnut sized structures joined by a bridge. The thalamus has been said to be the gateway to the cortex. This is the area of the brain that all sensory input goes to before it is sent off to the appropriate region of the brain
Holds the memories from your immediate past and dispatches the memory to the cortex, where it is stores in longterm memory. Once a memory is fully encoded into long term memory, it would appear that the hippocampus is no longer needed for it to be retrieved
The pituitary gland controls the functions necessary for maintaining the normal state of the body homeostasis
Plays a role in regulating sex drive, sleep, agressive behaviour and pleasure.
Prefrontal Cortex is not fully developed until 25 years of age (on average). This part of the brain is newest evolutionarily speaking and responsible for impulse control and executive functions.
The midbrain processes vision, hearing and eye movement
The medulla oblongata (the lower end)- where the spinal cord meets the brain stem, responsible for basic bodily functions such as heartbeat and respiration,
The pons (center area)- meaning bridge, acts as bridge from the medulla oblongata to the other brain regions, responsible for motor control and sensory analysis, and midbrain (upper end)- processes vision, hearing, and eye movement, the cerebellum- the role is to coordinate movement and balance
The neurons are commonly found primarily in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system- CNS). Our bodies are capable of generating new neurons, but neurons do not regenerate in the same way as any other cells.
Neurons communicate through chemical and electrical signals. When the neauron becomes stimulated it recieves excitatory signals from another neuron. This results in a neauron being positively charged for a brief period of time known as action potential
The glial cells are also known as neuroglia. Their function is to guide neurons towards making connections, promote neuronal health, and influence the functioning of the brain. The glial cells do not make their own connections.
Psychoactive drugs interact with neurotransmitters meaning they affect mood, arousal or behaviour. They often allow us to predict how they'll affect us psychologically
opiates such as codeine function as agonists, which means they increase receptor site activiey. Reduce our emotional response to painful stimuli by binding wiht opiod receptoprs and mimicking endorphoins
Neurotransmitters fall into 3 catagories
Peptides
Opioids are an addiction and depression
oxacillin and heroine
Neuropeptides are lumped together loosely under a generic name Endorphins
Endorphins- creates a feeling of euphoria which helps as a pain killer.
Amines
Acetylcholine- can be inhibitory or excitatory (mostly excitatory) and is involved in muscle contraction (recall curare), memory, and REM sleep.
Serotonin- is a mood enhancer, but affects mood by calming rather than stimulating. Depression drugs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin thus increasing it’s effect.
Dopamine - two major roles are to control conscious motor activity and enhance pleasurable feelings in the brain’s reward system (anticipated reward).
Norepinephrine/Noradrenalin- involved in arousal during fight-or-flight response.
Epinephrine/Adrenaline- involved in stress response (fight-or-flight response).
Amino Acids
GABA: always carry inhibitory messages
Aspartate: always carry excitatory messages
Glycine: always carry inhibitory messages
Glutamate: always carry excitatory messages
3.Still other molecules diffuse out of the cleft and are carried away as waste material by the cerebrospinal fluid
2.The enzymes present in the synaptic cleft destroy some neurotransmitter molecules
1.Reuptake channels, the axon terminal of the cell reabsorbs many neurotransmitter molecules; the axon then recycles them to be used again
Neurons communicate when two neurons connect with one another
When one cells axon connects with another cells's dendrites they create a connection called a synapse or synaptic connection
The more these neurons connect with eachother, the stronger the synaptic connection becomes. This creates strong neaural pathway
Sender
Recievers
Information holder
1953: Brenda Milner
1848: Phineas Gage
He was an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe.
Egas Moniz carries out the first lobotomy operation. He also invented angiogrpahy: a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins, and the heart chambers.
EEG was invented by Hans Berger
EEG is is a test used to find problems related to electrical activity of the brain. An EEG tracks and records brain wave patterns
Thomas Willis publishes the first brain atlas. This is considered the birth of neaurscience
Shortly after the ban on dissestion; Leonardo Di Vinci fashioned a wax cast of an ox brain after many disections of the human and animal brain
Roman physician Galen disected monkeys and pig brains, he believed that spirts throughout the body were housed in the brain
Thought the brain was a hot and cool radiator for the body
Father of modern medicine
Thought the brain told what us to do
Created holes in the skull to remove the "idiot stone"
During this era they pulled out the brain through the nose; piece by piece they took it out with a hook
3. Neo Cortex
2. Limbic System
1. Hind Brain
