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Medicine
The fundamental principles of biology and medicine are rooted in the cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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Ph scale
We use this scale to determine the acidity of à substance (closer to 0 very acidic, closer to 14 very basic)
The scale is logarithmic to the base of 10 (level 3 is 10x stronger than level 4)
0-6 (acidic) , 7 (neutrul) , 8-14 (basic)
Electrolytes
Substances capable of dissociating into ions in water. These substances form conductive solutions (conduct electricity).
Bases
When bases are dissolved in water, hydroxide ions are formed (OH
a compound that ends with hydroxide **except bicarbonate
Acides
When acids are dissolved in water, hydrogen ions are formed (H)
a compound that starts with hydrogen
This is done by multiplying the elements on either side according to their electrons. (Ex. Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2)
We do this so that it follows the law of conservation of mass.
Reactants → Products
Double displacement special cases
Nutrilization
Acid + Base = Salt and water (ex. HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O)
Incomplete combustion
4CH4 + 6O2 → CO2 + 8H2O + 2CO + C
Complete combustion
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O2 + Énergie thermique
Double displacement
(ex. AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3)
AB + CD → AD + CB
Simple displacement
(ex. Zn + CuCl2 → ZnCl2 + Cu)
A + BC → AB + C if “A” is an anion
A + BC → AC + B if “A” is a cation
Decomposition
(ex. H2CO3 → CO2 H2O)
AB → A + B
Synthesis
(ex. C + O2 → CO2)
A + B → AB
Second element symbole (with charge) + first element symbole (with charge) → exchange charges (ex. Li2O)
Molecular
***index of prefixes are : 1. mono, 2. di, 3. tri, 4. tetra, 5. penta, 6. hexa, 7. octa, 8. nona, 9. deca
First element symbole + Second element symbole (if it has a prefix add as an index) (ex. SF2)
Ionic
***works for polyatomic, binar ionic, multivalent ionioc
Metal + non metal with “ide ending” (ex. sodium fluoride)
Molecular
*** prefixes are : mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, octa, nona, deca
First element + Second element with designated prefix (ex. calcium oxide)
Is it binary?
← YES
Does it have any metals?
Is there more to it than one ionic charge?
YES : multivalent ionic compound
NO : binary ionic compound
NO : molecular compound
NO : polyatomic compound
There are only 7 (O2 , N2 , F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2 , H2)
An atom can share a pair of electrons with another atom of the same type to form a molecule. (ex. O2 oxygen)
The bonds can be single, double or triple
Covalent Bond is when two non-metals bond together, instead of giving or receiving electrons, they share their electrons.
Ionic Bond is when positive and negative ions attract each other after electron reorganization
Anions are non metals with à negative charge
Cation are metals with positive charge
Hetrogeneous is way to describe compositions when we cant see all the different aspects (ex. coffee)
Homogeneous is a way to describe compositions when we can see all the different aspects (ex. salade)
Composition’s are the combination of multiple elements. (ex. H2O water)
Element’s are found on the periodique table, we have 118 elements (ex. O oxygen)
Lenses are based on the law of refraction
Mirrors are based on the law of reflection
Hi - Di H = -- + -- Ho Do
1 1 1 -- = -- + -- F Do Di
M or G: magnification or enlargement of the image
F: distance from the foyer to the mirror
Hi: height of the image
Ho: height of the object
Di: distance from the image to the mirror
Do: distance from the object to the mirror
A ray directed towards the center of curvature (C) is reflected back on itself.
A light ray directed towards the focus (F) is reflected parallel to the main axis
A light beam parallel to the main axis is reflected as if coming from the focus.
Point of incidence: The point where the incident ray strikes the surface.
A convex mirror always produces a smaller virtual image.
The rays meet only at a point behind the mirror
In convex mirrors, the reflection comes from the convex surface at the center of the sphere.
Convex mirrors are curved mirrors with a SPHERICAL shape
Rules
A ray directed towards point S of the mirror will follow the laws of reflection (can be measured along the main axis).
A ray passing through F will be reflected parallel to the main axis.
A light beam passing through the center (C) of curvature is reflected back on itself - returning to its source.
A light beam PARALLEL to the main axis is reflected through the FOYER (F).
Focus (F): Light rays parallel to the main axis will be reflected and converge at a single point (the focus) by the mirror.
Vertex (S): Point of intersection between the principal axis and the mirror
Main axis: The line connecting the center of curvature (C) to the center of the mirror.
Center of curvature (C): Center of the sphere whose surface serves as a mirror.
Rays meet at a point before the mirror (foyer)
In concave mirrors, the reflection comes from the recessed surface at the center of the sphere.
Concave mirrors are curved mirrors with a SPHERICAL shape.
Use that angle on the other side of normal to find the ray
2. Messure the angle of incidence
1. Find the normal
Angle of reflection: The angle between the reflected ray and the normal
Angle of incidence: The angle between the incident ray and the normal
Normal: A line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence
Point of incidence: The point where the incident ray strikes the surface.
Reflected ray: The light ray bouncing off the surface
Incident ray: Incoming light ray striking the surface
Type (real, virtual)
Sens/Direction (upright,inverted)
Emplacement/Location (where is it?)
Taille/Size (smaller, bigger, same)
ex. Wint-O-Green Lifesavers
light is generated when material is separated, torn, scratched, crushed or rubbed by the breaking of chemical bonds in the material
ex. neon signs
light produced by the passage of an electric current through a gas
ex. glow sticks
the emission of light resulting from a chemical reaction
ex. fireflies
chemiluminescence that occurs in a living organism
ex. LED lights
the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed ultraviolet light
ex. candles
is the emission of light resulting from a high temperature
Transpiration principales
Absorption (water is absorbs from the soil by osmosis through absorbent hairs)
Transportation ( cohesion and adhesion forces, drives water in the xylem from roots to leaves against the force of gravity)
Transpiration (water absorption by stomata, absorption of root water by change of presssion)
Tissues (plant)
Fundamental (middle)
Between the two tissues, most of the tissues
Vasculaire (used to transport l’eau et glucose, similar to ciculation or veins, on bottom)
Xyleme (carries water and nutrients to all cells by roots)
Phloem (delivers the sugars produced in the leaves to the rest of the plant)
Dermal (used to protect, similar to skin, on top)
Peridermic (forms the outlet of stems and large roots) Secondary growth
Epidermique (like skin, cells on the outside that have access to the rest of the world) Primary growth
Plant systems
Root systems
Underground systems. Its function is to absorb water, nutrients from the soil and stabilize the soil.
Reproductive organ
Responsible for sexual reproduction, contains male and female reproductive organs.Male organs produce pollen grains-etamines and antheres. Female organs produce ovaries composed of a pistil and ovule, the ovules foncsondes for pollen.
The foliage system (stem, leaves and flower)
The systeme that is above ground, with three functions. (photosynthèse, transport, reproduction)
Pulmonary system
Also known as the grand circulation, corresponds to the circulation of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is reoxygenated. It also includes the return of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Systemic system
Also known as grand circulation, refers to the flow of oxygenated blood from the heart to all the body's organs. It also includes the return of oxygenated blood from the organs to the heart.
Circulatory system
Blood vessels
Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels and perform BY/TO.
Veins, blood returns TO the heart
Arteries, blood is pumped BY the heart
Parts of the heart
Right ventricle
Articular valve
Left ventricile
Arterial valve
Atrioventricular valve
Pulmonary vein
Aorta Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Left auricle
Right auricle
Blood components
Plasma: helps your body recover from injury, distribute nutrients, eliminate waste and prevent infection.
Platelets : Contributes to blood coagulation
White blood cells: defend the body against viruses and bacteria that can cause infection.
Red blood cells: transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, as well as carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs.
Respitory system
Inspiration: muscle of diaphragm increases in volume
Expiration: muscle of diaphragm decreases in volume
Parts of the respiratory system
Capillary: small thin bloodvesils, connecting arteries and viens.
Diaphragm: muscle that helps breath
Alveolus: tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles, exchange gases
Bronchioles: tiny branche of air that have alveolus
Branch: airway that leads to bronchioles
Tranchee: airway that leads to branch
Digestive system
Parts of the digestive system
Large intestine/colon (absportion,excretion): absorption of water and excretion of fecal matter, colon
Pancreas (digestion): chyme neutralization, pancreas
Gallbladder (digestion): bile storage, gallbladder
Liver (digestion): bike secretion, bile storage, liver
Small intestine (digestion, absorption): ⅔ nutrient absorption, ½ digestion, villositis
Stomach (digestion): food storage breaks down nurture with muscle and forms dough, stomach
Oesophage (ingestion): food descends through the muscles, oesophage
Oral cavity (ingestion and digestion): chewing food for digestion, teeth, tongue, lips, uvula, cheeks et palate
Gene "suicide" proteins kill cell or contents are packed up and shared with other cells
It's time to die, too damaged or cell contents leak out
It becomes specialized for a specific function
Naturally or through mutagenesis
Genetic mutation that changes the structure and function of proteins in the cell
Mutation that changes the order of AND
DNA is damaged
Chromosomes did not divide properly during mitosis
DNA does not replicate well in intrephase
Not enough nutrients
This type of cell is not required
Reproduction (produce smaller cells)
Reperation (replaces damaged cells)
Growth (increase # of cells)
The division of a cell into two
Telophase: the nuclear membrane is restored, chromosomes relax=chromatins
Anaphase: fursorial fibers consent and pull chromatin from the opposite poles of the cell.
Metaphase (check point): chromatin pairs align, fursorial fibers attach to centrioles
Prophase: nuclear membrane decomposes, chromatins condense to become chromatids, centrioles produce fursorial fibers (animal)
G2: preparation for nuclear division (mitosis), check point
S (Synthese) : duplication of DNA in nucleus, breakpoint/verification
G1: cell growth, normal process, organelle duplication, preparing for division
Plant cells
Meristems (indifférent celles)
type 2 Meristems lateral, helps grow wide. secondary
type 1, Apical meristems, helps grow up. primary
Parts of a vegetable cell
Chloroplast: Organelle of plant cells, containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Cell wall: A kind of shell that sits on top of the membrane.
Vibratory cilia: little hairs that allow the cell to move.
Vacuole: Space filled with water, sugar, minerals and proteins (BIGGER then animal)
Specilized calls
Stomach : holes on the infire side of the plante that accept and release water,CO2, O2
Guard : cells used to contract the stomach to dilate and close.
Palisade cells : in the leaf of a plant, the cell layer filled with chloroplast
Absorbent fibres : on the root of a plant are the extensions of individual epidermal cells, water penetrates these hairs by osmosis
Animal cells
Specilized cells
Connective: support for other fabrics, connects different parts of the body (has red and white globules, red are soft)
Nervous: carries messages to and from body parts (are long and thin, has branches)
Muscular: allows the body to move (contraction), pumps blood through the body, pushes food through the intestine (organiz packs)
Epithelial: covers the surface of the body's exterior and organs, also forms the passage lining in the body (layered organization)
Parts of an animal call
Circular shape
Vibratory cilia: little hairs that allow the cell to move.
Flagelle: tail used to move the cell around the body
Centriole: essential for cell division.
Cytoplasm: The part of the cell responsible for the absorption, transport and transformation of nutrients.
Vacuole: Space filled with water, sugar, minerals and proteins (SMALLER than vegetable one)
Cell membrane: Covers the entire cell. It is the guardian and manages the entry and exit of cellular substances.
Chromosomes: The genetic material. Each contains genes that are responsible for hereditary traits.
Nucleus: The command center in charge of all activities.
Lysosome: By the Golgi apparatus; contains proteins that degrade large molecules and other parts of the cell. (Like our excretory system = sends out waste).
Golgi apparatus: stores proteins before releasing them into or out of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Series of pathways (channels) used to transport materials within the cell. (Like our veins).
Ribosome: Responsible for producing the proteins needed for cell growth and reproduction.
Mitochondria: Function = to supply energy to the cell.
Nucleolus: The brain of the cell, function= protein production.
Several cells (multicellular organism)
No nuclear (Ex. E-Coli)
