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to spread ideas and to challege established norm
Humanism:
Focus on individualism and secular learning prompted critical examination of religious practices
Europeans princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth
The rise of a middle class disrupted feudal norms, creating an environment where new ideas and criticisms could gain traction.
Peasants disagree on economic challenges and oppresive feudal obligations
Characterized by hierarchical relationships and land ownership, contributed to social inequality, prompting discontent and desire for change.
Religious dissents were persecuted and confined to have diverse beliefs and thoughts,.
People looked for a more direct connection to God and more personal religious experience.
To the lack of reform.
For the sale of indulgences (essentially, paying for forgiveness of sins) and simony (buying and selling of religious positions) prevalent.
Indulgences were payments made to the Church in exchange for the forgiveness of sins or reduced time in purgatory. This practice was criticized by reformers like Martin Luther, who believed that salvation could not be bought and that it was a gift from God
For growing dissatisfaction with the extravagant lifestyles of clergy.
The sale of indulgences by Church's officials
Needed money for St. Peter's Basilica
B) A more pronounced break from Catholic practices
B) Development of various Protestant confessions
B) Emphasis on Vernacular translations in various languages
B) Primarly driven by theologians and religious leaders
who challenged various aspects of Catholic teachings.
B) Similar breaks from Papal authority in various countries
led to significant changes in church governance, including the decentralization of authority, the rejection of the Papal hierarchy, and the establishment of various Protestant denominations
B) Began with criticism of the Catholic Chruch by priests and other religious thinkers
such as Martin Luther and John Calvin
Aannulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The Pope denied. So, he broke away from the authority of the Pope and establish the Church of England.
Luther: Emphasized the theology of the cross.
Luther: believe that e bread and wine represent Christ's body and blood
Luther: Held a view of predestination, but it was not as central to his theology . Luther emphasized salvation by faith alone and God's grace
Promoted a strong work ethic,
to emphasize one's daily activities as acts of serving to God.
Established the Geneva Academy (later the University of Geneva)
to train ministers and promote Reformed theology.
Introduced significant changes to worship practices.
This included the practice of preaching, congregational singing, and the Lord's Supper.
To teach that those who are truly among the elect will persevere in their faith and cannot lose their salvation.
God's saving work is guaranteed to reach its completion.
To believe in the fallen nature of humanity due to the original sin, leading to "total depravity."
Humans are sinful and incapable of saving themselves.
Predestination
underscoring the sovereignity of God in salvation
God's choice of those who would be saved is not based on any actions or qualities of individuals
the salvation of the elect,
insisting on that God has chosen who will be saved and/or damned
Marriage of Clergy
To advocate for the marriage of clergy, challenging the Church's stance on sexual abstinence.
The rejection of Papal Authority
To critize the authority of the Pope and rejected certain teachings, practices, and institutions of the Roman Catholic Church.
Pope as a fallible human leader
Two main sacraments:
means through which believers receive spiritual blessings and assurance of salvation
considered essential practices that connect believers to God's grace and promises.
2-HOLY COMMUNION OR EUCHARIST
To be seen as a way to remember and proclaim Christ's sacrifice for the forgiveness of sins
To be viewed as a means of grace that strengthens faith and nourishes the spiritual life of believers.
To emphasize the real presence of Christ in the bread and wine.
1-BAPTISIM:
The act of cleansing and initiation into the Christian faith.
Lutherans believe that through baptism, a person is spiritually reborn, their sins are forgiven, and they become a part of the community of believers, which is the Church
To translate the Latin Bible into German
To make the Scriptures accessible to the common people
To challenge the hierarchical structure of the Church.
To argue that every Christian had the right to interpret the Bible and communicate with God
negating the need for intermediaries like priests.
The supreme authority of the Bible over church tradition.
the Bible was the ultimate source of divine revelation and that individual believers should have direct access to its teachings.
Ninety-Five Theses
argued that salvation was a matter of faith and grace, not monetary transactions.
criticized the sale of indulgences, which were thought to give forgiveness of sins.
posted on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany
Faith Alone:
Individuals saved from sin and attain eternal life not by their good works or deeds but through faith in Jesus Christ's redemptive sacrifice on the cross.
A challenge in the doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church
