Ways to Categorise Language Learning Strategies

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Ways to Categorise Language Learning Strategies

Oxford's (2003) Six Main Categories of L2 Learning Strategies

exploring cultural and social norms

talking with a native-speaking conversation partner

asking for help in doing a language task

asking for clarification of a confusing point

asking questions to get verification

develop self-talk

rewarding oneself for good performance

talking about feelings

idenitfy one's mood and anxiety level

Compensatory strategies (help make up for missing knowledge especially productive language skills)

using synonyms and talking around missing word

guessing from context

Memory-related strategies (help link L2 items or concepts)

create learning and retrieval

boday movement

a combination of sounds and images

images

sounds

Metacognitve strategies (managing the learning process)

evaluating task success

monitoring mistakes

gathering and organising materials

planning for L2 tasks

identify own learning styles, preferences, and needs

Cognitive strategies (enable learners to manipulate language materials)

reorganising information

outlining

synthesising

summarising

note-taking

analysing

reasoning

Stern's (1992) Classification of Language Learning Strategies

Affective strategies

build positive feelings towards language and learning activities

Interpersonal strategies

evaluate learning performance

monitor learning development

Communicative- experiental strategies

asking for repetition and explanations to keep conversations going

paraphrasing

gesturing

Cognitive strategies (help improve learning)

Monitoring

Memorisation

Practice

Deductive reasoning

Guessing/ inductive referencing

Clarification/ verification

Management and planning strategies (control own learning)

Monitor progess

Select proper resources

Decide on suitable methodology

Set reasonable objectives

Decide what dedication to make to language learning

Rubin's (1987) Classification of Language Learning Strategies

Indirect learning strategies

Social strategies

Communication strategies (Focus on communication process)

make use of linguistic or communicative knowledge

clarifying what the speaker intends to say

getting meaning across

conversation

Direct learning strategies

Metacognitive learning strategies (superivse self- directed language learning)

self- management

setting goals

prioritising

planning

Cognitive learning strategies (steps taken in learning or problem solving)

monitoring

memorisation

practice

deductive reasonign

inductive inference

guessing

verification

clarification

Oxford's (1990) Language Learning Strategies System

Indirect strategies (support language learning)

social strategies (learning with others)

empathising with others

cooperative with others

asking questions

affective strategies (regulating emotions)

regulating emotions

self-encouragement

lowering anxiety

metacognitive strategies (coordinate learning process)

evaluating own learning

arranging and planning own learning

centring own learning

Direct strategies (involve use of language)

Compensatory strategies (using the language despite lack of knowledge}

overcoming difficulties in productive skills

guessing intelligently

cognitive strategies (understanding and producing the language)

creating structure for input and output

analysing and reasoning

receiving and sending messages

practising

memory strategies (remembering and retrieving new information)

employing action

reviewing well

applying images and sounds

creating mental linkages