av r2life contact 10 år siden
418
apc100
Effective problem-solving in groups involves several structured approaches and stages. Groups begin by identifying and analyzing the problem, ensuring a thorough understanding before moving forward.
av r2life contact 10 år siden
418
Mer som dette
sets high expectations & standards
requires private time
needs independene
innovative and ingenious
strategic thinker
emotionally self-controlled
seeks the big picture
investigative and inquisitive
analytical and systematic
improvement oriented
quality consious
logical and rational
gender differences
marked over time
marked using objects
fixed space that an individual assumes some right to occupy
measure time
learn to stop
public space 3.6++
social space-----1.2M -----3.6M
personal space -----45------1.2M
intimate space --- 0 ---- 45
indicate relationship, status and intimacy
tone of the language
detect interest, surprise, sarcasm, confusion, nervousness
demostrate interest and attraction, exhibit emotions
body movement study
It is not non-verbal language
Communication and development of the self
Put youself on others to think
Empathy is the ability to re-create another person's perspective, to experience the world from the other's point of view
perception-checking
Dimensions of wmpathy
self-consept
knowledge
expectations
past experience
degree of involvement with the other person
relational satisfaction
we tend to favour negative impressions over positive ones
We tend to assume that others are similar to us
We cling to first impressions, Even if wrong
after we form an opinion of someone, we tend to hang on to it and make any conflicting information fit our image
we often judge ourselves more charitably than we judge others
reality in the workplace and elsewhere isn't 'out there'; rather, we create it with others through communication
sense-making
Once people's perception have been defined
Differing narrative can lead to problematic communication
Narratives: the stories people create and use to make sense og their personal worlds
situational approaches
leadership style
laissez-faire leadership style
give up power
democratic leadership style
authoritarian leadership style
power
trait analysis
power is not an either or concept
power is distributes among group members
power is group centred
referent power
information power
expert power
reward power
coercive power
legitimate power
nominal leader
process
8. shared experience
7. mutual perceived attractiveness and friendship
6. threat from outside the group
5. interdependence of members
4. lack of perceived threat between members
3. shared norms and values
2. progress toward these goals
1. shared or compatible goals
share a similar aim
if wrong target
productive
reinforcement stage
everyone endorse
emergence stage
conflict to one
conflict stage
defence themselves queasion others
orientation stage
familiar with each other
modification
fix the group's approach
periodically evaluate progress
provide for emergencies
define responsibilities
determine resources
identify tasks
? contain disadvantage
? implemented
? desire change
nominal group technique
without being attacke
ranking
brainstorm
combine and improvement
quantity is sought
freewheel is encouraged
criticism is discouraged
detail
disadvantage
lack detail
longer respond time
different to convey emotion
advantage
comfortable speaking out online
easy to schedule
forum
Symposium
symbol
panel discussion
a man encourage other
parliamentary procedure
how decision make
focus groups
marketing
problem census
collect card
breakout groups
distribute and report back
collectivism
like team players
feel loyalties and obligations to the group
Individualism
People like producing and rewarding stars
responsibility to themselves gain most of individual identity self-esteem
Selecting a decision-making method
time available
the importance of the decision
The type of rule
Authority rule
! Very quick
may reduce effectiveness
Minority Control
form a committee and use less time
Maybe corrupt
expert opinion
it can work well if the person is superior
Majority rule
vote
Producing unhappy members interior in quality
Consensus
All people support and increase the qualityof decision take much time, not suitable for emergencies
topologies
wheel network
a person becomes a hub gatekeeper
managing messages
chain network
information move sequentially from one member to another
not reliable because message can be changed
all chanel network
role-releted problems and solutions
! role fixation
performing a unnecessary role
overabundance informal roles
competition
informal roles(task role, social role) go unfilled
?role emergence
Patterns of behaviour expected of members
informal roles
rarely acknowledeged with a label
Optimal balance (2:1)
dysfunctional roles
social roles
help relationship smoothly
Task role
help accomplish its goal
Formal roles
assigned by an org or a group to establish order Always come with a title
Group norms
Identify
Look for publishment
Look for common behaviours
Know the group norms to gain acceptance into group; Help group operate more effectively
task
how the job itselfshould be handled
procedual
how group work
social
relationship
norms
behaviours
beliefs
values
Rule
guideline
teach member about themselves
satisfy the social needs of each members
work to resolve a mutual concern of members
increase the knowledge or skill of each member
goal
types of goals
Group Goals
if match, no conflict
Hidden agenda
When the gap between individual and group goals is not public, the individual goal becomes hidden agenda
Individual Goals
individual motive
social orientation(not always state)
gain the liking of others
exercise influence over others
sense of belonging
task orientation
not all group have goal
family or prison
Size
from 3 to 7-20
as group gets larger, three ingredients for dissatisfaction
few chances to participate
less sccess to information
schedule meetings
optimal size for a group is the smallest number of people capable of performing the task at hand effectively
Time
! A collection of people who interact for a short while doesn't qualify as a group
exp. onlookers at fire building space
interdependence
ripple effect
can be positive or negetive
Interaction
Non-Verbal
virtual group
The leveling of status differences
rank is much less prominent than when theu meet face to face
getting together is fast and easy
hypothetical classrom
?Does include professor
Verbal
reveals insensitivety or intolerance toward people who are gay, lesbian
young = fast
old = slow
women use undirect strategies
emotion language can reflect sexism
emotive language
conveys the sender's attitude more so than describing something
The occupations that are deemed appropriate for men and women are a result of socialization
society socializes us to believe men and women should behave in certain ways
referring to a single subject only as "he" or "him"
people with credibility and status are more likely to be rated as likeable and knowledge
when someone has the ability to influence others
credibility and status go hand in hand
we adhere to what we say and ollow their recommondation
people are heavily influenced by experts
having a religious name intitle stereotype
Have a cool name shapes how peers view a child
our name can guide out decision
names shape the way others view us. We view ourselevs amd how we act
effective
focus on the timeline and deadline
like clear message and focus on the task
attend to people's mood
detail and key
prepare to attack
respond only the parts of speech
fake listening
many factors
listen need mental effect and long time can not grasp the attention of receiver
can learn easily
Long Term Memory
Short Term Memory
Sensory Memory
many factors play a role in how others will react to your communication in a given situation
in truth, Communication is nerther good nor bad in itself, its value comes from the way it is used
Jamming builds rapport
Sessioins go to new places
Everyone gets a solo
Participants follow rules
Coorination is more important than understanding
commitment to the relationship
build trust
Self-Monitoring
Cognitive Complexity
understanding other
critical think
Empathy/Perspective-Taking
put yourself in someone
Skill at performing behaviours
Ability to choose the most appropriate behaviour
A wide range of behaviours
Social Chameleons
relational, not individual
we do with others
fluid, not static
Simultaneous Sending and Receiving
feedback: the discernible response of a receiver to a sender
environment
overlap means in common
less overlap, harder communicate
money
culture
noise
psychological
students got a "D" and become upset and cannot understand what went wrong
physiological
illness
external (physical noise)
real noise
channel: face-to-face and writing
You choose can make different effect
giving an injection
Jobs
Communication skills'as the top characteristic that employers seek in job candidates
need for escape, need for control, need for pleasure
we should know who we are
necessary for physical health
terminal cancer
early death
Controlled by many gatekeepers, who can determine what and when
Messages by channel are developed or financed by large organizations.
Large audiences without contact between senders and receivers.
uneuqal communication and sometimes there are just a small group or even a people doing all talking and rest of group becomes an audience.
Family or a collection of students or co-workers collabotaing on a project
Dyadic communication
shift from other type of communication in nature
dyad: two people interaction
Communication with oneself
Communication is Symbolic
arbitrary nature
We overcome the arbitrary nature by following linguistic rules and customs.
Communication is process
Communication is a process is reflected in the transactional model
respond will depend on experience s stretching far back in time and the history can shapr your response to the friend's remark,
communication is human
