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Beta pleated sheets
Alpha Helices
Basic
Acidic
Non-polar
Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building materials
starch
glycogen
cellulose
NOTE: LIPIDS ARE NOT POLYMERS!
Nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers-- called nucleotides
Phosphodiester link connects phosphites and sugars
H-bonding through complitary base pairing forms DNA double helix
Unlike DNA, RNA has oxygen
Sharing of electrons between two atoms with an EN difference of 0.5 or greater
Sharing of electrons between two atoms with an EN difference of less than 0.5
Vehicle of the cell, the golgi apparatus packages things into vesicles where vesicles can then transport cellular materials.
attached to nucleus synthesizes lipids (can also help detoxify)
composed of ribosomes that perform protein synthesis
reinforces cell shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of protein, includes…
Microtubules
made of tubulin, this hollow shape maintains the shape of the cell. very structural and moves organelles
Intermediate filament
in the middle, anchor organelles to the cell and help maintain a cell’s shape, composed of keratin proteins.
Microfilaments
made of actin, helps maintain cell shape but also aid with movement
projections that increase the cells surface area
organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by product and then converts it to water
organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
digestive organelle where biomolecules are broken down, hydrolysis reaction
organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion/transportation of cell products
complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
membrane enclosing the cell
material consisting of DNA and protein; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes
non membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
double membrane enclosing the nucleus; performed by pores; continuous with ER, also known as the nuclear lamina
store food and make pigment
channels found in plant cells that allow for the movement of water and other materials to move between cells
stores water, nutrients, and waste
double membrane organelle that has its own DNA and performs photosynthesis
located outside the cell membrane, made of cellulose, and helps maintain cell shape
structures that connect cells, things can pass through very easily
secure cells very tightly, keeps stuff from freely moving around
structure connects cells together that are semi-sealed. Desmosomes use proteins and are programed to selectively allow materials
located outside the membrane, this structure has many parts: fibronectin, proteoglycan (animal cell ECM), and collagen. Changes in this structure can trigger processes inside the cell
found in the ECM, proteoglycan are proteins with sugars attached, involved in organizing extracellular matrix
survival under harsh environmental conditions
movement
bacterial mating
attachment to surfaces
adherence to surfaces
resistance to phagocytosis
Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions
contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins to nutrient processing and uptake
localization of genetic material (DNA)
storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances
protein synthesis
buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments
selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration and photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis
gel like substance that fills the cell and and keeps the organelles in place
stores genetic information
Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve stability.
Transfer of electrons between oppositely charged irons
Can lead to ion-dipole interactions in water
