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TRANSFORMATIONS
HOW TO KNOW THAT TRANSFORMATION OCCURED?
BACTERIA WITHOUT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT
NOT SURVIVE
BACTERIA WITH ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT
SURVIVES
STEPS
HEAT SHOCKING
CAUSES A DRAFT
SWEEPS THE ENGINEERED PLASMID
IN COOLED SOLUTION OF CALCIUM
CA+ INTERACTS WITH NEGATIVE CHARGE PHOSPHATE ON CELL MEMBRANE
FOREIGN AND PLASMID DNA
ANNEAL
WITH ANITBIOTIC RESISTANCE
SAME RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS PLASMID
RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS GENE
REQUIRE PLASMIDS
SPEED UP GROWTH RATE
IMPROVE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOODS
MASS PRODUCTION OF INSULIN
FROST/DROUGHT RESISTANT
CROPS PEST RESISTANT
MANIPULATION OF ORGANISMS DNA
CAUTION
DOES NOT PROVE GUILT
USES
IDENTIFICATION
TEST PATERNITY
SOLVE CRIMES
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
SHOWS BANDING PATTERN
ETHIDIUM BROMIDE
FLUORESCENT IMAGE
UV LIGHT
DNA FRAGMENTS
ELECTRODES AND WIRES
DNA FRAGMENTS MOVE FROM CATHODE TO ANODE
ANODE
NEGATIVE CHARGE OF PHOSPHATE IN DNA
CATHODE
WELLS
LOADING DNA FRAGMENTS
AGAROSE GEL
POROUS
DNA MANEUVER
ELECTROPHORESIS CHAMBER
VARIABLE NUMBER TANDEM REPEATS
SAME FRAGMENTS SIZE
TWINS
DIFFER BY:
SIZE OF FRAGMENTS
NUMBER OF FRAGMENTS
NONCODING REGION
CODING REGION
DNA EXTRACTION
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
CYCLE REPEAT
DNA POLYMERASE
Taq POLYMERASE
Thermus acquaticus
EXTEND THE PRIMERS
ANNEALING
COOL
PRIMERS ADDED
DENATURING
HEAT DNA STRAND
SINGLE STRAND
PRODUCES
STICKY ENDS
USEFUL
RECOMBINANT DNA
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
UNEQUAL NUMBER OF BASES
BLUNT ENDS
EQUAL NUMBER OF BASES
NAMES
HaeIII
HhaI
AluI
SmaI
BamHI
EcoRI
I FROM FIRST E.COLI
R STRAIN OF E.COLI BACTERIA
ORIGINATE FROM BACTERIA
DNA SCISSORS
PALINDROME GENE SEQUENCE
TRP OPERON
REPRESSOR MOLECULE
REPRESSIBLE SYSTEM
TRYPTOPHAN
trpR
REPRESSOR PROTEIN
TO PRODUCE TRYPTOPHAN
LAC OPERON
INDUCER MOLECULE
INDUCIBLE SYSTEM
LACTOSE
GENES
LACA
TRANSACETYLASE
LACY
PERMEASE
LACZ
BETA GALACTOSIDASE
PROMOTER
OPERATOR
REPRESSOR
REGULATORY GENE
LACI
REGULATORY PROTEIN
INVERSION
DUPLICATION
TRANSLOCATION
DELETION
FRAME SHIFT MUTATIONS
NONSENSE MUTATIONS
MISSENSE MUTATIONS
SILENT MUTATIONS
RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPONENTS
CARCINOGENS
TRNASLATION
STOP CODON
START CODON
RELEASE FACTOR
tRNA
AMINO ACID CARRIER
ANTICODON REGION
RIBOSOMAL SUB UNIT
A SITE
ACCEPTOR OF tRNA
P SITE
GROWING POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
E SITE
EXIT
mRNA
POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS
SPLICING
ONE GENE ONE ENZYME
JOINING OF EXONS
REMOVAL OF INTRONS
ADDITION OF POLY A TAIL
ADDITION OF 5' CAP
TERMINATION
RNA POLYMERASE ENDS AT TERMINATION SEQUENCE
ELONGATION
RNA POLYMERASE READS DNA STRAND
INITIATION
RNA POLYMERASE
PROMOTER REGION
RIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMAL RNA
TRANSFER RNA
MESSENGER RNA
DNA REPAIR
PROOFREAD
DNA POLYMERASE I & III
ACT AS NUCLEASE
ADD THE CORRECT NUCLEOTIDE
CUT OUT INCORRECT NUCLEOTIDE
BUILDING COMPLIMENTARY STRANDS
LEADING STRAND
TOWARD REPLICATION FORK
CONTINUOUSLY
LAGGING STRAND
AWAY FROM REPLICATION FORK
DISCONTINUOUSLY
DNA LIGASE
DNA POLYMERASE I
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
DNA POLYMERASE III
PRIMASE
UNWINDING DNA
TOPOISOMERASE
SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEINS
HELICASES
REPLICATION BUBBLE
DISPERSIVE
CONSERVATIVE
SEMICONSERVATIVE
USED X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
HELICAL STRUCTURE
SHAPE OF DNA
CHARGAFF'S RULE
AMOUNT OF THYMINE IS EQUAL TO AMOUNT OF ADENINE
AMOUNT OF GUANINE IS EQUAL TO AMOUNT OF CYTOSINE
MODEL OF DNA
IF DNA OR PROTEIN IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
USED E.COLI
USING A CENTRIFUGE
NO PROTEIN COAT IN BACTERIOPAGE
DNA IN BACTERIOPHAGE
LABELLED PROTEIN COAT
RADIOACTIVE SULFUR
LABELLED DNA
RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS
USED A BACTERIOPHAGE
DNA IS THE TRANSFORMING AGENT
ADDED ENZYMES DESTROYING
ADDED HEAT KILLED SMOOTH AND ROUGH BACTERIA
5 TESTUBES
CONFIRMED GRIFFITH'S EXPERIMENT
CONCLUSION
A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE FROM ONE CELL IS GENETICALLY TRANSFORMING ANOTHER CELL
METHOD
MIX HEAT KILLED SMOOTH AND LIVING ROUGH
HEAT KILLED SMOOTH
LIVING ROUGH
MOUSE LIVED
LIVING SMOOTH
MOUSE DIED
HYPOTHESIS
MATERIAL IN DEAD BACTERIAL CELL CAN TRANSFORM LIVING BACTERIAL CELLS
PNEUMONIA
2 TYPES
ROUGH COLONIES
SMOOTH COLONIES
COMPLETE SET OF INSTRUCTIONS
FORMS OF A GENE
ALLELE
46 DNA MOLECULES
ANTI PARALLEL DIRECTION
OXYGEN PRESENT ON CARBON 2
MOSTLY FOUND IN CYTOPLASM
LESS PRONE TO UV DAMAGE
INVOLED
CODING
REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
SINGLE STRANDED
SMALLER THAN DNA
NUCLEOTIDE
URACIL
RIBOSE SUGAR
CARRIES GENETIC INFORMATION
REPRODUCTION
FUNCTIONING
DEVELOPMENT
FOUND IN NUCLEUS
COILED DNA
SUPER COILED
CHROMOSOMES
CHROMATID
SEPARATE DURING ANAPHASE
LOOSELY
LOOSELY COILED DNA
CHROMATIN
WRAPPED AROUND HISTONES
DISTANCE
ONE COMPLETE TWIST
10 BASES IN ONE TWIST
3.4 NANOMETER
BETWEEN 2 STEPS
0.34 NANAOMETER
BETWEEN 2 STRANDS
2 NANOMETER
DOUBLE STRANDED
ANTI PARALLEL ORIENTATION
5' TO 3' DIRECTION
ATOMS
PHOSPHORUS
CARBON
NITROGEN
NO OXYGEN ON CARBON 2
2 HYDROGEN BONDS
3 HYDROGEN BONDS
PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS
NITROGENOUS BASES
SINGLE RINGS
CYTOSINE
THYMINE
DOUBLE RINGS
GUANINE
PENTOSE SUGAR
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
REGULATES INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONSERVE ENERGY
STIMULATES BODY ACTIVITIES
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PREPARES BODY FOR ACTION
INCREASE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
CARRY SIGNALS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES
MADE UP OF MOTOR NEURONS
SPINAL CORD
BRAIN
DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICAL IMPULSE
TYPES OF NEURONS
INTERNEURON
MOTOR
SENSORY
NODE OF RANVIER
MYELIN SHEATH
SCHWANN CELLS
SOMA
AXON
DENDRITES
EFFECT OF CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOL
CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOL
CALLED DIURETICS
MORE URINE PRODUCTION
INHIBIT RELEASE OF ADH
LESS PERMEABLE TO WATER
WALLS OF COLLECTING DUCTS
WALLS OF DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE
WHEN WATER LEVEL IS LOW
HYPOTHALAMUS DIRECTS POSTERIOR PITUITARY TO RELEASE ADH
ADH MAKES WALLS OF COLLECTING DUCT PERMEABLE TO WATER
STORED IN POSTERIOR PITUITARY
PRODUCED BY HYPOTHALAMUS
ALDOSTERONE
STIMULATES HUNGER
INCREASE
POTASSIUM SECRETION
SODIUM REABSORPTION
RELEASE WHEN
LOW LEVEL OF SODIUM
HIGH LEVEL OF POTASSIUM IN BLOOD
PRODUCED BY ADRENAL CORTEX
SECRETION
COLLECTING DUCTS
HYDROGEN IONS
ANTIBIOTICS
DRUGS
REABSORPTION
KIDNEY TISSUES
ATP FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ASCENDING LOOP
SALTS
DESCENDING LOOP
AQUAPORINS
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
H2O
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
CALCIUM
FILTRATION
FILTRATE
POTASSIUM
CHLORINE
SODIUM
UREA
PROTEIN METABOLISM
WATER
GLOMERULUS
DIAMETER DIFFERENCE
PRESSURE
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
BLOOD CAPILLARIES
COLLECTING DUCT
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
LOOP OF HENLE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
GLOMERULS
RENAL MEDULLA
RENAL PELVIS
RENAL VEIN
RENAL ARTERY
RENAL CORTEX
GESTATIONAL
TEMPORARY IN PREGNANT WOMEN
TYPE 2
TARGET CELLS DO NO RESPOND OR DECREASED LEVELS OF INSULIN
TYPE 1
BETA CELLS DESTROYED BY BODY
SYMPTOMS
EXCESSIVE THIRST
FREQUENT URINATION
GLUCOSE IN URINE
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
BETA CELLS
DECREASES BLOOD SUGAR
ALPHA CELLS
GLUCAGON
INCREASES BLOOD SUGAR
HORMONES REGULATING BLOOD SUGAR
RELEASE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
ADRENAL CORTEX
CORTISOLS
LONG TERM STRESS RESPONSE
INCREASED BLOOD SUGAR
SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
WATER AND SODIUM RETENTION IN KIDNEYS
ADRENAL MEDULLA
EPHINEPRINE
SHORT TERM STRESS RESPONSE
INCREASED METABOLIC RATE
INCREASED HEART RATE
INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE
PTH
OVERPRODUCTION
OSTEOPOROSIS
UNDERPRODUCTION
DISTURBS NERVE AND MUSCLE FUNCTION
CONTROLS CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS IN BLOOD
DISORDERS
GOITER
HYPERTHYROIDISM
DIFFICULTY SLEEPING
SOFT NAILS
RAPID HEARTBEAT
BULGING EYES
HAIR LOSS
HYPOTHYROIDISM
FATIGUE
SLOW HEARTBEAT
BRITTLE NAILS
PUFFY FACE
DRY HAIR
CALCITONIN
LOWERS CA+ CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
THYROID RELEASING HORMONE
TRIIODOTHYRONINE
3 IODINE ATOMS
THYROXINE
4 IODINE ATOMS
DIRECT CONNECTION TO HYPOTHALAMUS
STORES HORMONES
VASOPRESSIN
OXYTOCIN
PRODUCES ITS OWN
PROLACTIN
ACTH
TSH
TARGET CELLS
SECRETING CELLS
TYPES OF HORMONES
PROTEIN HORMONES
CAN'T PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE
GH
LH
FSH
ADH
INSULIN
MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS
STEROID HORMONES
PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE
PROGESTERONE
ESTROGEN
MADE FROM LIPIDS
RECEPTORS
HOW THEY TRAVEL
THROUGH THE BLOODSTREAM
OVARIES
TESTES
PANCREAS
ADRENAL GLANDS
THYMUS
THYROID GLAND
PINEAL GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
ENDOTHERMS
MAINTAIN INTERNAL BODY TEMPERATURE
ECTOTHERMS
DEPENDENT OF OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE
FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
RESPONSE
EFFECTOR
INTEGRATOR
SENSOR
STIMULUS
INTEGRAL
PERIPHERAL
FATTY ACID TAIL LENGTH
CHOLESTROL
DOUBLE BONDS
NEUTRAL LIPID
GLYCOLIPID
PHOSPHOLIPID
FACILITATED
OSMOSIS
BULK
REGULATION
ALLOSTERIC
NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
COFACTORS/COENZYMES
ENVIRONMENT
pH
TEMPERATURE
DOUBLE NUCLEOTIDE
SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE
PHOSPHATE GROUP
PYRIMIDINES
PURINES
PENTOSE SUGARS
NITROGEN BASES
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
SECONDARY
PRIMARY
POLYPEPTIDE
ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
TYPES
WAXES
STEROLS/STEROIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
DEGREE OF SATURATION
HYDROGENATION
SATURATION
ORIENTATION OF HYDROGEN AROUND DOUBLE BONDS
LOCATION OF DOUBLE BOND
LENGTH OF CARBON CHAIN
KETONE
ALDEHYDE
DISACCHARIDES
MONOSACCHARIDES
GLYCOCIDIC BONDS
BETA
ALPHA
POLYSACCHARIDES
CHITIN
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
STARCH
DIETARY FIBER
SKELETAL
STRUCTURAL
MOLECULAR
SYNTHETIC
NEUTRALIZATION
CONDENSATION
POLYMERS
MONOMERS
REDOX
OXIDATION
LEWIS
BOHR-RUTHERFORD
STANDARD
INTERMOLECULAR BONDS
VAN DER WAALS
DISPERSION FORCES
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
HYDROGEN
IONIC
INTRAMOLECULAR BONDS
COVALENT
NONPOLAR
POLAR
HARMFUL/HELPFUL
HALF LIFE
RADIOISOTOPES
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
INORGANIC
ORGANIC
REGENERATION
ATP & G3P
REDUCTION
G3P
PGAP
CARBON FIXATION
PGA
RuBP
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
PROTONS
PHOTOSYSTEM II
Z-ENZYME
PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
PHOTOSYSTEM I
FERREDOXIN
CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
CALVIN CYCLE
LIGHT REACTIONS
NADPH & H+
CHLOROPLASTS
INNER/OUTER MEMBRANE
GRANUM
LUMEN
STROMA
THYLAKOIDS
LEAF STRUCTURE
WAX CUTICLE
GUARD CELLS
STOMA
EPIDERMIS
MESOPHYLL
AUTOTROPHS
PHOTOSYSTEMS
P680
P700
REACTION CENTRE
CHLOROPHYLL A & B
PIGMENTS
CAROTENOIDS
CHLOROPHYLL
LIGHT
PHOTONS
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
RADIANT ENERGY
ACETYLALDEHYDE
ETHANOL
LACTIC
GLUCOSE
PURUVATE
LACTATE
32
HOW?
ATP SYNTHASE
ADP PHOSPHORIZED
ATP FORMED
H+ FLOWS BACK INTO MATRIX
PROTON PUMP
H+ TRANSPORTED TO INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
CREATES pH/ELECTRIC GRADIENT
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
OXYGEN
FORMS H2O
WITH H+
FINAL OXIDIZING AGENT
NADH/FADH2 OXIDIZED
GET ATP FROM NADH/FADH2
1
3
MAKE
FADH2
MATRIX
OUTPUT
CARBON DIOXIDE
INPUT
CoA
NAD+
ACETYL CoA
PRODUCTS
4
NADH
PYRUVATE
2
GOAL
BREAKDOWN GLUCOSE
LOCATION
CYTOSOL (CYTOPLASM)
FERMENTATION
LACTIC ACID
ALCOHOL
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
KREBS CYCLE
GLYCOLYSIS
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+ CONCENTRATION
INNER MEMBRANE
CHEMIOSMOSIS
FOLDS
CRISTAE
OUTER MEMBRANE
ENERGY TRANSFERRED
CARRIER MOLECULES
SMALL ACTIVATION ENERGY
LOWERED BY ENZYMES
OVERCOME BY BODY TEMPERATURE
FREE ENERGY AS THERMAL ENERGY
LARGE ACTIVATION ENERGY
CHARACTERISTICS
DO NOT
MAKE AN ENDERGONIC REACTION PROCEED SPONTANEOUSLY
SUPPLY FREE ENERGY TO REACTION
ALTER PRODUCTS OF REACTIONS
DO'S
INCREASES RATE OF SPONTANEOUS REACTION
LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY
UNIVERSAL ENERGY CURRENCY
SYNTHESIS
ATP SYNTHESIS FROM ADP AND P
ENDERGONIC
ENERGY COUPLING
PHOSPHORYLATION
HYDROLYSIS
ATP EASILY BROKEN DOWN BY CATALYZED REACTION WITH H2O.
EXERGONIC
REPULSION OF NEGATIVE CHARGED PHOSPHATE BONDS
CONSISTS OF:
CHAIN OF THREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS
RIBOSE
ADENINE
COUPLED REACTIONS
ANABOLIC REACTIONS
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
GIBBS FREE ENERGY
ENDERGONIC REACTIO
POSITIVE FREE ENERGY
EXERGONIC REACTION
NEGATIVE FREE ENERGY
CHANGES
NON-SPONTANEOUS
SPONTANEOUS
ENTROPHY
BOND ENERGIES
TYPES OF REACTIONS
ENDOTHERMIC
ENERGY SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE SYSTEM
ENTHALPY CHANGE IS A POSITIVE VALUE
ENTHALPY OF REACTANTS IS LOWER THAN THE PRODUCTS
TEMPERATURE DECREASE WITH REACTION PROGRESS
ABSORB HEAT FROM THE SURROUNDINGS
EXOTHERMIC
ENERGY IS RELEASED FROM THE SYSTEM
ENTHALPY CHANGE IS A NEGATIVE VALUE
ENTHALPY OF REACTANTS IS HIGHER THAN THE PRODUCTS
TEMPERATURE INCREASE WITH REACTION PROGRESS
RELEASE HEAT ENERGY TO THE SURROUNDINGS
TRANSITION STATE
PRODUCT BONDS FORMED
REACTANT BONDS BREAK
ACTIVATION ENERGY
ENERGY CHANGES DURING CHEMICAL REACTIONS
ENERGY AND CHEMICAL BONDS
POTENTIAL ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
