3 Ways of Categorizing LLS

a) Metacognitive Strategies

Advanced organisers

Directed attention

Selective attention

Self-management

Functional planning

Self monitoring

Delayed production

Self evaluation

b) Cognitive Strategies

Repetition

Resourcing

Translation

Grouping

Note taking

Deduction

Recombination

Imagery

Audio representation

Key word

Contextualization

Elaboration

Transfer

Inferencing

c) Social-affective Strategies

Cooperation

Questions for clarification

a) Strategies that directly affect learning

Clarification/ verification

Monitoring

Memorization

Guessing/ inductive inferencing

Deductive reasoning

Practice

b) Processes that contribute indirectly to learning

Creates opportunities for practice

Production tricks

a) Direct Strategies

i) Memory Strategies

Creating mental linkages

Applying images and sounds

Reviewing well

Employing actions

ii) Cognitive Strategies

Practising

Receiving and sending messages

Analyzing and reasoning

Creating structures for input and output

iii) Compensation Strategies

Guessing intelligently

Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

b) Indirect Strategies

1) Metacognitive Strategies

Centering your learning

Arranging and planning your learning

Evaluating your learning

2) Affective Strategies

Lowering your anxiety

Encouraging yourself

Taking your emotional temperature

3) Social Strategies

Asking questions

Cooperating with others

Empathising with others