Bio Summative (Musk ox)

Blood

Red blood cells

contain proteins called hemoglobin that allow
them to pick up oxygen and carbon dioxide

White blood cells

Fight disease-causing bacteria and viruses

Platelet

A cell fragment that helps the blot clot, seal
wounds and stop bleeding

When a blood vessel is broken, platelets will
stick together to seal the hole so the vessel can
rebuild

Plasma

Protein-rich liquid in which blood cells are
suspended

Carries a number of dissolved ions such as Na+,
K+, and Ca2+

Arteries

Veins

Heart

parts of heart

Vena cava

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

atriums

septum

ventricles

valves

Semilunar Valve

Atrioventricular Valves

Semilunar Valve

pulmonary

2 pulmonary vens

2 pulmonary arteries

Aorta

Eats plants such as mosses, grasses sedges, forbs etc

GI track

Mouth

physically breaks down food

Small intestine

Sections

Duodenum (first section)

Ileum (third/final section)

Jejunum (second section)

Digests food and absorbs nutrients into the blood stream via diffusion

Large intestine

Contains bacteria that help to break down waste

Stomach

Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur

Esophagus

Transports food from the mouth to the stomach
using a process called peristalsis to move food

Accessory Organs

Salivary glands

Makes saliva to break down food

Gall bladder

Stores Bile that was produced by liver

Pancrease

produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein. The endocrine pancreas makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels.

Liver

filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances,

lungs

Nose

Mouth

Epiglottis

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Diseases

asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, sleep apnea and occupational lung diseases

Alveoli

Trachea

Diaphragm

Larynx

Pharynx

Mechanisms of Evolution

Genetic Drift (Pinky Finger)
Non Random Mating (Ring Finger)
Mutation (Middle Finger)
Gene Flow (Index Finger)
Natural Selection (Thumb)

bottleneck

a large amount of a population is wiped out due to natural disasters or human interference.

founders

when a small number of individuals from a population colonize a new habitat

Non random mating

Assortative mating is a mating pattern and a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar phenotypes or genotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random mating pattern.

Mutations

it generates the genetic variation on which the evolutionary process depends.

Gene flow

increase genetic diversity/variation, because new alleles that are either more rare or not present may be introduced into the population.

Natural selection

Darwin theory

biological evolution by natural selection

Gene pools

All alleles for a particular gene/trait within a population.

Alleles are one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Evedince

Fossils

Bones of dead animals

Artificial selection

Seen in someting like dogs and cats, this is a proccess of someone or something making two animals mate.

Biogeography

patterns of geographic distribution of organisms and the factors that determine those pattern

DNA

comparing the DNA of 2 animals

Comparative anatomy

wings and fins have a very similar bone structures to hands and arms because of comparative anatomy

Embryology

focuses on early stages of cell development

Domains

Prokaryote

Kindoms

Archea

Bacteria

Eukaryote

Kingdoms

Animalia

Phylums

Chordate

Fungi

Plantae

Protists

life, domain, kingdom, phylum, clss, order, family, genus, species

Traits

Dominant

Recessive

DNA

Blood type

AA, Aa, BB, Bb AB, O

Mitosis vs meiosis

Mitosis

4 phases

2 cells created

new cells are somatic daughters

Makes diploid cells

Meiosis

Crossing over occurs

8 phases

4 new cells

New cells are haploid

New cells are gametes

Non disjunction

failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I, failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis.

Examples: Down's syndrome, Edwards syndrome,Patau syndrome , Etc

X and Y

Meiosis

meitosis

Types of plants

Colonization of land

No

Algea

Aka Ulva

Yes

vascular

Yes

Is it a seed plant

Yes

Is it flowering

No

Gymnosperm

Aka conifers

yes

Angiosperm

Aka flowering plant

No

Pteridophytes

Aka ferns

No

Bryophytes

Aka mosses