process
sent to
Sequences in DNA upstream or downstream of gene
sequences in DNA close to promoter
control elements
control elements
reaction
reaction
cAMP binds to CAP
Yes
No
reaction
Yes
No
immediately trasncribed
step 4
step 3
step 2
step 1
type of
type of
type of
type of
type of
made of
made of
reduces levels of transcription
increase levels of transcription
bring about low levels of transcription
recognition of
recognition of
RNA processinig
RNA processing
RNA processing
RNA processing
dependent on which RNA polymerase is involved
for structure
+2 hydrogen bonds
composed of
composed of
composed of
protein with an ER signal sequence is escorted with the help of SRP
begins with
proteins can be sent other places
cell is modified and excreted out the cell
formyl-methionine is the first AA
Methionine is the first AA
enzyme that forms peptide bond btwn amino acids
used tRNA leaves here
tRNA and peptidyl enzyme bind
tRNA and aminoacyl enzyme bind
carries specific
couples with
composed of
translate
occurs in
involves
creates
transcribes
transcribes
transcibes
transcribed into
transcribed into
transcribed into
requirements
provides the cell with
mechanism of transcription
mechanism of transcription
mechanism of transcription
Transcriptional Requirements
Transcriptional Requirements
Transcriptional Requirements
process
to
bind to
single protein complex
ensures the correct amino acid is attached to tRNA
tRNA carrying next amino acid comes to A site
creates
protein is shipped through a
single type in bacteria
+3 hydrogen bonds
very specific & bind to each other
creates
untwists DNA and begins to add nucleoside triphosphates
the high energy bonds will be used in
stop codon reaches the A site
recognition of

Gene Expression

Each gene can be easily transcribed and translated with different efficiencies and regulation factors

vast array of various proteins in large quantities and or minute quantities with different functions

DNA template

only one strand of DNA is used as a template

rRNA

mRNA

Beta Galactosidase

Permease

Transcetylase

transcription

prokaryotes

transcription in cytoplasm

RNA pol

Eukaryotes

transcription in nucleus

RNA pol II

pre-mRNA

RNA splicing

introns are spliced out

exons remain in final mRNA

5' end cap and 3' poly A tail

occurs downstream from +1

promoter found upstream

Translation/Protein Movement

Ribosomes

mRNA

tRNA

anticodons

Amino Acids

Binding Sites

A Site

P Site

Peptidyl Transferase

E site

codons

Large and Small subunits

Steps in Translation

Eukaryotic

Initiation

Prokaryotic

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Cytoplasm

Proteins in the Endomembrane System

Secretory Pathway

Polypeptide synthesis on a free ribosome

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mitochondria

Peroxisomes

Chloroplasts

Nucleus

tRNA

ribonucleotide triphosphates

Nitrogenous base pair

purines

Double-ringed structure^

ATP

UTP

GTP

Pyrimides

CTP

Single-ring structure

ribose sugar

sugar phosphate backbone

encodes

phosphate group

RNA Polymerase and other transcriptional factors

three multimeric structures

RNA polymerase II primary one

Orientation and facilitates RNA Polymerase Binding

ATP

elongation

termination

capping

methylation

RNA splicing

poly A tail

site for addition of poly A tail

inactivated by phosphatases

RNA polymerase I synthesized rRNA

RNA polymerase III synthesizes small RNA such as tRNA

General

background/basil

Specific

changes level of transcription

Activators

Repressors

Archae

Eukaryotes

nucleosomes

histones

H1

H2A

histone core

H2B

H3

H4

DNA

Prokaryotes

Binding of RNA to DNA

initiation of transcription

elongation

termination

protein

RNA polymerase

creates phosphodiester bond between NTP and sugar

elongation in 5' to 3' direction

Promoter

Orientation to polymerase

recognized even in helical double stranded form

not transcribed

sigma factor of polymerase recognizes promoter region

Lac operon

Lactose present

repressor binds to operator

Operon is OFF basil

repressor binds to Lactose

Glucose present

Adenylyl cyclase is active

cAMP levels High

CAP is active

Operon is ON

Adenylyl cyclase is inactive

cAMP levels are low

CAP is inactive

Operon is OFF

DNA

Proximal

bind general transcription factors

Distal

Enhancers

in the elongation stage, a polypeptide chain begins as new amino acids are brought to the A site and attached to the previous one. the empty tRNA moves then moves to the P site after the amino acid chain was transferred

no tRNA corresponds to a stop codon, so a release factor in the A site disassociates the complex and stops translating the mRNA (a GTP driven process)

in the ER, translation continues and the signaling peptide is cleaved by an enzyme called Signal Peptidase

Elongation

initiator tRNA scans mRNA for start codon & large subunit joins the translation initiation complex (other proteins called initiation factors may be involved)

Termination

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase

Vesicle

Golgi Body

Lysosome

Plasma Membrane

Promotes mRNA polymerase dissociation

with rho factor

requires ATP

short GC rich sequences create mRNA foldiing

without rho factor

DNA Replication

semi conservative proved by Messleson and Stahl experiment

unzipped by Helicase

kept apart by SSB

stress relieved by topoisomerase

replication begins at ORI

5' to 3' direction

leading strand with primase and DNA pol III

lagging strand and DNA pol I

direction of replication goes into fork and ligase seals gaps

Experiments

Griffiths

proved genetic material could be passed through bacteria

Hershey and Chase

protein Sulfur

Found in supernatum

Subtopic

DNA Phosphorus

Settled in pellet

Floating topic

Floating topic