Descriptive Linguistics

BOUND Morphemes

Derivational

Change the
part of a Word

Inflectional

Aspects of
gramatical

Definition

Study the
formation
and parts of
words.

FREE Morphemes

Lexical

OPEN: can
add
morphemes.

Functional

CLOSED:
gramatical
function.

The divine Source

A divine source who provided humans with language

The Natural Sound Source

It's the language emerged
from natural sounds.

The Social Interaction Source

Language originated from song
as an expressive rather than a
communicative need.

The physical adaptation Source

Properties of
Language

Displacement

Ability to produce a message

Arbitrariness

connection between the nature of the
ideas and combination of words

Productivity

Production of new expressions

Cultural Transmission

Language that must be learned by each new generation.

Discreteness

The sounds used in language.

Duality

The users can produce a large combinations of sounds.

Place of
articulation

Bilabial

The articulators are the two lips

Labio-dental

The lower lip = the active articulator
the upper teeth = passive articulator

Dental

The upper teeth = the passive articulator
The tongue = the active articulator.

Alveolar

The alveolar ridge as the passive articulator

Postalveolar

The area behind the alveolar ridge
as the passive articulator

Retroflex

The tongue tip is curled up and back

Palatal

The active articulator = the tongue body
the passive articulator = the hard palate.

Velar

The active articulator = the tongue body
the passive articulator = the soft palate.

Glottal

This isn't strictly a place of articulation, but
they had to put it in the chart somewhere

Manners of
articulation

Plosive

The airstream cannot escape through either the mouth or nose

Nasal

It is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth

Fricative

A consonant sound, such as English f or v

Affricative

Consonant sounds that begin by fully stopping
the air from leaving the vocal tract

Glides

there are no contacts between articulators

Lateral

No contact between active (tongue) and passive articulator

Phonology

Is the study of the sound

Sounds Functions

Aspect

Abstract

Mental

Involves

Phonetics

Produccion

Transmission

Reception

Phonemics

Sounds

Sound Patterns

Phonemes

The minimal unit of sounds

Definition

Phoneme

Phones or set of sounds

Smallest unit

Distinguishes meaning

Functions contrastively

Note that slash marks / /

/t/

/p/

Makes works

Allophones

Variations within each group of phoneme

Predictable

Non-significant

They are written in brackets

[t]

[p]

Minimal Pairs

Are two words that vary by only a single sound

Examples

/f/

Fan

/v/

Van

Neologisms

Definition

Words created in one language and entered in another with different meanings.

Recently created

Word

Phrase

Languaje Conection

New concept

Ne phonome

It is used by native speakers and then implemented in active vocabularies

It is used in specific context

Etimology

From many other lenguajes

Inlfuence

Greek

Latin

Definition

Study the origin of new words

Where the words are from?

The changes that meanings have

Words that are modified to the standard of English

Words from the other languajes

Phonemic shape

Spealling

Paradigm

Meaning

Old english period

Belong to the original

Earlist available

Borrowing

Definition

English adopted words the other languajes

New words are formed the addopted to english from other languajes

Consequence of cutural contact

Oral Speech

Written Speech

Spealling is conserved

Indirect contact

Recent Time

A long process for assimilation

Contact with the people

Early period

The words is adopting

Compunding

Creating new words

Two different
words are joined

one with its own meaning

These words are derived from the lexemes

There are three ways to write compound words

Open Compounds

Fool moon

Closed Compounds

Grandfather

Hyphenated Compounds

Close-up

Blending

The initial part of a word is joined with the final part of
another

The initial parts of both words

They
join two separate words to produce a new form by combining.

Web+log

Blog

Motor+hotel

Motel

Glamour
+ritz

Glitz

Dipping

The end or the beginning of words is reduced or cut

Syllables are removed

The
meaning is not removed

The word is reduced but still has the same meaning.

Telephone

Phone

Brother

Bro

Influence

Flu

Photograph

Photo

Acronyms

Is the process when we reduces words and put only initial letters

First few letters

Combined letters

Shortened forms use for the communication

ASAP

As Soon As Possible

PIN

Personal Identification Number

BAE

Before Anyone Else

GG

Good Game

Is a language system

Composed of rules, clauses, phrases, and
words

Traditional grammar

Origin of the description of the languages

Prescriptive Approach

How language is really used

Descriptive Approach

Describes the language as it is
actually used

Definition

How sentences are formed and interpreted

Based on components and rules

Categories

Lexical

Add new words, ex: policy, good, now, etc

Functional

Help another word ex: the, this, will, etc

Parts of speech

Noun, verb, pronoun, adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction and article

Structure

Subject + verb+ object

Part of speech, phrase structure grammar, and sentences

Definition

Analyzes the meaning and interpretation of the words

Conceptual meaning

Meaningful function of the Word

Associative meaning

Concepts that we add

Semantic features

Categories that classify the meaning of a word

Types of sentences

Interrogative (?)

Imperative (!)

Exclamatory (!)

Declarative (.)

Semantic roles

Situation describes by a sentence

Agent: Person who executes the action

Theme: object

Instrument: The tool that helps the agent

Experiencer: related to a feeling

Location: next to the computer

Source: from France

Goal: to Quito