Earth/Space

showing earth on a map

Longitude- the distance of a place east or west of the prime meridian

latitude- is the distance of a place north or south

parallels- lines of latitude

Prime meridian- is the central line of longitude and represents 0 longitude

Equator- divides earth into two parts

International date line- the line of longitude with the highest number value 180 east and w

map scales- shows how distances on a map relate to distances on Earth's surface

map legends- list the symbols used on a map and explains their meaning.

topographic maps- shows elevations or how high and low a area is.

Contour lines- connects points that have the same elevation.

index contours- show elevations and are darker then other contour lines.

geology

structure of earth

crust- the outermost layer

mantle- the thickest layer of the planet, located between the crust and the outer core

outer core-is a fluid layer of mostly iron and nickel that lies between the mantle and the solid inner core.

inner core- is a fluid layer of mostly iron and nickel that lies between the mantle and the solid inner core.

minerals- a naturally formed solid substance with crystal structure

crystal structure- a definite pattern in the way particles in a substance are arranged

properties to identify minerals

hardness, color, luster( how it reflects light), streak, crystal shape, cleavage and fracture(they break on how atoms are arranged and specific gravity,

Fossils-remains or evidence of those organism in layers of rock

petrified fossil- forms when minerals replace the bone, shell or other hard part that was trapped.

trace fossils- include the footprints, tracks, trails and burrows.

cast- is a model in the shape of a living thing or its remains.

mold- Is a space in a rock that has shape of the remains of living things that once occupied the space.

Coprolites- are the petrified remains of animal dung.

imprints- are impressions of parts of organisms left in the soil.

meteorology

Earths Atmosphere

atmosphere- the mixture of gases that surrounds earth extends from earths surface.

ozone- a form of oxygen that shields earth from harmful radiation.

troposphere- layer nearest earth

Stratophere

mesosphere

theremosphere

exoshere- outermost layer

water cycle- continuous movement of water between the surface of earth

evaporation- process in which liquid water changes into invisible water vapor in the form of gas.

transpiration- water vapor is released to the air from the leaves of plants

condensation- Is the process in which water vapor changes into liquid water.

precipitation- occurs when water or a from of ice falls from the atmosphere to Earth's surface.

clouds- are masses of water droplets or ice crystals that hang in the troposphere.

Cirrus- wispy, feathery clouds made of ice crystals.

cumulus- puffy clouds

nimbo- rain cloud.

alto- middle altitude

Stratus- sheet like clouds

Earth’s Four Spheres

Geosphere-comprises the solid Earth and includes both Earth’s surface and the various layers of the Earth's interior.

Atmosphere: gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth and constitutes the transition between its surface and the vacuum of space

Hydrosphere: includes all water on Earth (including surface water and groundwater)

Biosphere: the life zone of the Earth and includes all living organisms, and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed.