Fungi

Basidiocarps
(fruiting bodies that allow
mycellium to reproduce sexually)

Fairy Rings (growth is concentrated
in hyphae musrooms pop up in a ring
shape as it absorbs
water and as cytoplasm
streams in from diaryotic mycelium)

Diaryotic mycellium (2 nuclei divide 1
after another without fusing)

After a mushroom forms, cap
supports/protects large dikaryotic basida on gills

Gills
(means of spore dispersal)

Basida
(spore bearing structure)

Basidiospores (meiosis produces 4 haploid nuclei
which develop into a basidiospore)

Club Fungi

Shelf Fungi

decomposers break down lignin
(complex polymer in wood)

Puffballs

Subtopic

Mushrooms

Stipe (stem of mushrooms)

Pileus (cap of mushroom)

gills (spore dispersal)

Parasitic plant parasites

rusts

smuts

Ascomycetes

Ascocarps
(fruiting body that
holds asci)

Ascus
(sac fungi)
(sacs that contain the
ascospores)

Ascospores
(haploid spores)
(sexaul)

Club Fungi

Symbiotic Relationship (lichen)

Some form Mycorrhizae (mutual relationship with plants)
(mycelia improve delivery of minerals to plants and plants supply fungi with organic nutrients

Neurospora crassa (Bread Mold)

reproduce asexually by producing
by producing conidia spores

Conidia (produced externally at the tips of
specialized hyphae called conidiophores)

sexual reproduction

Fusion of two different mating
types is followed by plasmogamy
(union of 2 parent mycelia)

dikaryotic cells with
cells at tips develop
into asci

meiosis occurs
then mitosis to produce 8 ascospores

Ascomycete species that live
with green algae or cyanobacteria
in symbiotic relationships

Crustose

grow on rocks

Foliose

leaflike

Fruticose

shrublike

Soridia

small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

Absorptive Heterotrops

Enzymes are used to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds

Symbiotic Relationships

Endophytes (fungi that lives in plant leaves or other parts that are beneficial

Are usually Ascomycetes

Mycorrhizae

Abuscular

Ectomycorrhizae

form sheaths of hypae over root

Hyphae

Septate

Conenocytic

Pseudohyphae

form by yeasts

incomplete budding causes elongated cells that haven't divided

Budding

Reproduction

Asexual

fragmentation

fungi splits into fragments

budding

pinching of cells

yeast

Mitosis

Sexual

spores

meiosis

Practical uses of Fungi

food

medicine

alcohol

research

Fungi that causes diseases

plant pathogens

Cryphonectria parasiticia

chesnut

Fusarium Circinatum

pine

Claviceps purpurea

rye

Have flagellated spores called zoospores

Chytrids

Some form colonies with hyphae, while some are
single spherical cells

Have cell walls made of chitin

Include both multi-cellular and unicellular species

Glomeromycetes

Form Arbuscular(Endo) mycorrhizae

(fungal mycelia penetrate root cells)

Arbuscular mycorrhizae
(another word for haustoria
mycorrhizae)

Zygomycetes

Molds

Black Bread Mold (Rhizopus stolonifer)

Stolons
(horizontal hypae that
connect groups of hyphae)

Rhizoids
(rootlike parts of
hyphae that anchor the fungus)

Hyphae are coenocytic (no septate)

septate (cross walls that divide fungi into cells)

Zygosporangium
(karyogamy and meiosis occur)

multicellular

When conditions are good,
sexual reproduction occurs(meiosis)
and the zygosporangium germinates
into a sporangium

Zygosporess form in
zygosporangium and
can be shot in certain
types of fungi (ex: pilobolus)

Sporangiophores
(a hypha bearing sporangia)

Karyogamy( haploid nuclei fuse from two
different parents and produce diploid cells)

Zygospores