Microorganisms in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

Water as a Microbial Habitat

Gases in aquatic environments

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Other gases

Light for primary production by autotrophs in marine

Nutrient cycling in marine and freshwater environments

Microorganisms in Lakes

Microorganisms in lakes

Microorganisms in streams and rivers

Microorganisms in glaciers and permanently frozen lakes

Microorganisms in Marine Ecosystems

Marine environments as major portion of biosphere

Microorganisms in estuaries and salt marshes

Widnogradsky columns

Microorganisms in the open ocean

Aquatic viruses

Microorganisms in benthic marine environments