controls cells activites
protect a bacterial cell from ingestion and destruction by white blood cells
not sequestered in a membrane-bound organelle
receive and translate genetic instructions for the formation of specific proteins.
organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis
multiple ORI sequences
there is only one ORI sequence
ligase seals any gaps by connectin nucleotides by
uses energy released to link to
removes RNA and replaces it with DNA nucleotides
makes daughter DNA strands
align opposite their complementary base partner
multiple RNA primers are laid and extended by RNA Pol III
unwinds the double helix and creates
proteins stabilize unwound straands
primerase synthesizes RNA primers using parental strand
breaks, swivels, rejoins DNA ahead of replication fork
slide alongside each other to make cells contract
overexpression of protein
molecule turns on transcription factor
constant activation of pathway
turns on gene expression, forms proteins to stimulate the cell.
last molecule activated turns on transcription factor
signal transduction occurs
MUTATION OCCURS
GTP binds to activate
cellular respiration
penetrate hydrophobic interior of lipid bilayer
allows cell communication
cell-cell recognition
travel to
make
starting point of the pathways of proteins, carbohydrate chains, phospholipids
synthesizes lipids
and
consists
makes plasma membrane more fluid
plasma membrane = more gel like
amphipathic, protects inner cell
passive w/ protein
move across membrane w/ energy
move across membrane w/ no energy
breakdown of long fatty acids chain
break down of excess or worn-out cell parts
power the cell's biochemical reaction
modulating the shape of the cell
helps process and package proteins and lipids molecules
makes protiens
controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries the genes
provides protection for a cell and a fixed environment inside the cell
convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy
act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell
only plant cells
both plant and animals have
contain
contain
contain
communicate through
main function
made up of
contols materials in and out of the cell
contains
communicate through
contain
contain
contain
contain
contain
contain
can go to chloroplast (plant cell only)
could be directed to non endomembrane locations based on amino acid "tagging"
no location to go?
enzyme cleaves signal peptide, sends proteins to the ER
undergo further modifications before heading
gets modified before reaching its final destination
primary, secondary, tertriary, or quaternary level
Vesicle floats through cytoplasm to get to the golgi
signal peptide allows protein to head to
make proteins that affect receiving cell function, they almost always have tags on where to go (endomembrane system
RNA splicing: Introns removed by spliceosomes, exons remain.
# of nucleotides inserted/deleted w/out multiple of 3
stop codon introduced early
change in Amino Acid
matches tRNA and amino acids
Large ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA
Amino acid and correct tRNA bind to enzyme: Aminoacyl TRNA synthase
translates codons along mRNA molecule using
a mutation can cause proteins to malfunction or become missing entirely
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Coupled w/ transcription in the cytoplasm
less/no signal= inhibit transcription
allow more signals/ transcription
cell response overall regulation of transcription of cytoplasmic activities
convert signal to cell response/Amplify the signal
detect and react to the signal molecule, bind to receptor protein
phosphate groups added to each tyrosine
each polypetide has the ability to function as a Kinase
binds to binding site
made up of
2 inactive monomers in membrane
activates
activates
signal molecule binds to the receptor in the plasma membrane of the target cell
this process turns on the signal transduction pathway in a series
ADP adds a phosphate group
which leads to
activates
Activated AC converts ATP to cAMP
Now activated, binds to the enzyme AC with GTP as its hydrolyzed
A messenger, such as a signal molecule binds to the GPCR to activate it and binds to the G protein
cell surfaced transmembrane receptor
feedback mechanisms regulate cells
sends signal far (hormones/endocrine signalling)
direct contact( cell junction or cell to cell)
more signals= increased cell response!
promoter DNA sequence
Methionine= start codon in 5'3 direction
NO INTRONS TO BE SPLICED
ATP is added to activated, unphosphorylated dimer
Starts at P site
proofreads the base that has been added before adding the next one
phosphate groups are taken from ATP to add to other polypeptides
enzyme picks template strand to from pre mRNA
Ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA
Cap is added to 5' end and poly-A tail is added to 3' end.
are comeposed of smaller units: organelles
Okazaki fragments are removed by DNA Pol I
an example
enzyme picks template strand to form mRNA
has origin of replication
separates towards replication fork
Transcription and translation in Prokaryotes are coupled in the cytoplasm.
when a protein is activated, phosphate is taken from ATP
Once stop codon reaches A site, dissociation occurs.
now to understand some codons
Translocation, tRNA in A site moves to P site, P site to E Site (released)
3' to 5' templete is picked
on/off by removing phosphate
phosphate taken from ATP to activate protein kinase
First binds to the 5'cap, scans mRNA to find AUG (start)
Communicate with other cells
Peptide bond ( Peptidyl transferase) formation between amino groups
surface has many
contain
promoter in DNA is where RNA polymerase II binds to
Codon cognition, incoming aminoacyl tRNA to A site
contain
fluid that contains all cell's organelles
ATP is used to activate the protein kinases
GTP IS ALWAYS BOUND TO MUTANT Ras
promoter is part of the upstream, where transcription begins on DNA strand
Polymerase moves downstream from 5' to 3' end.
contain
RNA polymerase binds to promoter, DNA unwinds
Polymerase II binds to promoter in upstream
3' to 5' template is picked
RNA polymerase moves downstream until it reaches the terminator
The first amino acid is f-MET
templates for
formed when signal molecule is bound to each polypeptide
double stranded DNA is needed to start off
is transcribed in the cytoplasm
connected by phosphodiester linkages
Polymerase moves downstream, elongation of RNA Polymerase (5' to 3')
separates towards replication fork
contains
Start at P site
adding and subtracting tubulin dimers
Oxidative Phosphorylation produces high amounts of ATP, giving energy for cell actions
Transcription factors bind to promoter before polymerase
ATP is used in the mutation to activate kinases
polymerase II moves downstream until it reaches terminator
Initiates RNA synthesis at starting point.
Codon cognition, incoming aminoacyl tRNA to A site
activated receptor can interact with other proteins
Once stop codon reaches A site, dissociation occurs.
Translocation, tRNA in A site moves to P site, P site to E Site (released)
Peptide bond ( Peptidyl transferase) formation between amino groups
13 protofilaments come together to form
Polymerase binds to promoter, unwinds DNA, begins transcription.
phosphate groups added to polypeptide (autophosphorylation)

Transcription

Prokaryotes

Cytoplasm

Elongation

Termination

mRNA

Translation

Initiation

F meth= start codon

Eukaryotes

Nucleus

Initiation

meth=start codon

Elongation

Termination

TATA box

DNA

Nucleus

Cell Communication/Signalling

GPCR

First Messenger

G protein

Adenyl Cyclase

cAMP (Secondary messenger)

Protein Kinase A

Cellular Response

enzymes that transfer phosphate group from ATP to proteins

ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate

active= GTP BOUND

INACTIVE= GDP BOUND

Signaling Pathway

signal molecule

receptor protein

relay proteins

Transcription factors

Coding DNA for transcription of a specific gene

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

Receptor tyrosine kinase proteins

Tyrosines

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Signal Molecule

Kinase

Reception

Transduction

Response

Turn on/off genes

regulate activity of proteins causing/inhibiting gene expression

local

long distance

Feedback regulation

Positive feedback

increased gene expression

Negative feedback

decreased gene expression

Translation

Prokaryotes

Codon Recognition

Eukaryotes

Codon Recognition

Initiation of Translation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Mutations

Missense

Nonsense

Frameshift

tRNA

RNA Polymerase II

separates 2 strands of DNA to join complementary RNA

preMRNA

mRNA

Free Ribosomes

enter the endomembrane system by going:

Rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

out the cell to be used outside

Protien folding

Glycoprotein

RNA Polymerase

Elongation

Termination

Initiation of Translation

Elongation

Termination

Signal peptidase

Cytosol

Mitochondria

Chlorplast

peroxisomes

Nucleus

Biosphere

Communities

populations

Organisms

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Eukaryotic

animal

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

cell membrane

made of proteins and lipids

Extracellular matrix

proteins and carbohydrates

Cell communication within tissue and tissue formation

plant

plasmodesmata

cytoplasm

organelles

mitochondria

respiration

chloroplasts

photosynthesis

vacuoles

cell wall

prokaryotic

Eukaryotic cell organelles

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilyar

lipid molecule

fatty acid

saturated

unsaturated

monounsaturated

polyunsaturated

trans-fatty acid

Glycerol backbone

phosphate group

passive transport

Active transport

Osmosis (water)

Facilitated diffusion

Endoplasmic reticulum

smooth ER

rough ER

nucleus

nuclear pores

nuclear envelope

chromatin

nucleoplasm

nucleolus

ribosomes

Free ribosome

ER or Mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes, chloroplast, cytoplasm, or out the cell

Membrane proteins

Glycoproteins

Peripheral proteins

Integral Proteins

Transmembrane Protein

Proteins

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

newly forming

secretory

incoming transport

trans face

cis face

cisternae

lumen

Cytoskeleton

filaments

mitochondria

outer membrane

intermembrane space

r

color codes: dark blue- eukaryotic cellpink - prokaryotic cells

inter membrane space

inner membrane

DNA

granules

matrix

cristae

ATP synthase particles

lysosomes

membrane

Glycosylated membrane transport proteins

lipid layer

hydrolytic enzyme mixture

peroxisomes

Double membrane

crystalloid core

cytoplasm

cellular respiration

DNA

G Proteins

Cellular response

Ras Protein

Protein Kinases

Transcription

Normal Cell Division

Ras Protein

Protein Kinase

Transcription

increased Cell Division

Upstream

Downstream

Upstream

Downstream

Switch On/off

Actin filaments

Actin

polypeptide subunits

dimers

protofilaments

myosin

microfilaments

microtubules

tubulin

intermediate filaments

DNA Replication

helicase

polynucleotide strand

Lagging strand

Topoisomerase

RNA primer

Single-stranded binding

DNA polymerase

deoxynucleotide triphosphates

phosphate group

deoxyribose sugar

new strand

DNA Pol III

DNA pol I

Ligase

DNA

Prokaryotes

ORI

Eukaryotes

ORI

Bacteria

contains

flagella

Ribosomes

DNA

capsule

Nucleus

chromosomes

Dimer

ATP

ATP

ATP

Endomembrane system