Categorii: Tot - environment - indigenous - feminism - movements

realizată de Nguyen Daniel 2 ani în urmă

109

Canadian History By: Daniel Nguyen

The document discusses various significant themes and events in Canadian history, highlighting the environmental movement with figures like David Suzuki advocating for better environmental practices.

Canadian History
By: Daniel Nguyen

Viola Desmond and her act to stand up against racism

David Suzuki spreading work about bettering the environment

Justin Trudeau apologizing for residential schools - accepting reconciliation

Canadian History By: Daniel Nguyen

1920s

Stock Market Crash
Government

RB Bennett

Lost to King in 1935 election

Last ditch effort – “Bennett’s New Deal”

Changes didn’t help people suffering

Gave relief $ to provinces

Raised tariffs

Promised work for all

Rival to King in 1930 election

William Lyon Mackenzie King (PM 1921-1926) said welfare was the responsibility of the provinces not the Federal government.

Believed the best way to handle the Depression was waiting it out

Insisted social welfare was a provincial, not federal, responsibility

He also said he would not give 5 cents to any province that didn’t have a Liberal government

He was voted out of power in 1930 and replaced with Conservative leader R.B. Bennett – “I will find work for all”

Back in power in 1935

Cause 6: Buying stocks on margin (credit)

Brokers gave loans, but with high interest rates

To buy $1000 worth of stock, you only needed $100 (but you were still responsible for the other $900, and counted on profit to cover it)

Cause 5: Credit purchases

Drove many into bankruptcy

People couldn’t keep up with payments when sick or out of work

“Buy now, pay later” more popular

Cause 4: Problems with tariffs & trade

Result = slowed world trade

Protective tariffs = taxes countries put on imports to protect their own goods

Cause 3: Dependence on the USA

Relied on USA for imports and exports

Depression hit the US before Canada

Cause 2: Dependence on a few primary products

This hurt areas where those products were the main sources of income

Once the demand for staples sank, so too did our prosperity

Canada's staple products: fish, minerals, wheat, pulp & paper

Cause 1: Over-production and over-expansion

Stock piled up, production slowed, workers ended up being laid off

Market became saturated, people stopped buying

Business was booming after WWI

"Black Tuesday"

Mass panic & financial devastation

Was not a cause, but rather a symptom of the depression

The day the stock market crashed

October 29, 1929

Social Changes
Role of Women

Person’s case – when the first female judge, (Emily Murphy) was turned down for a Senate seat because she is not a “person” in the BNA Act.

Emily Murphy, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Louise McKinney

Famous Five signed a petition (1927) and the Privy council of Britian (1929) stated women were persons too.

1921 Agnes Macphail was the first person to be elected to Parliament.

Black People

Black people could vote but had separate school boards and were underfunded.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1923)

Chinese Head Tax

$500/person had been applied up to this point.

Limited new Chinese immigrants including family of those already here. (Main labour for railway)

Asians couldn’t vote, hold certain jobs and were paid lower wages

Immigration Act 1919

Preferred list. Those who had “peculiar” customs, language and habits were undesirable – seen as difficult to assimilate

1. White, English speaking Britons and Americans

4. Asians, Blacks, Gypsies and Jews

3. Central and Eastern Europeans

2. Northern Europeans

1919, 20% of the population were immigrants

Whites from Britain, US and Europe encouraged to immigrate.

Pull Factors – conditions that explain why immigrants choose a country.

Opportunity, land, community already established in Canada, jobs

Push Factors – conditions that pushed people to come to Canada.

War, poverty, famine, no jobs

Social Problems

Employees still worked long hours for low wages and dirty and unsafe conditions

Gap between rich and poor remained large

Social Attitudes

Fashion Forward

Cartoons

was about to start

warn that the feature

Used at the movies to

Steamboat Willie- 1928

Plane Crazy- 1927

Flappers

Flapper – fashionable young women who defied the old conventions of proper “feminine” behaviour.

Economic Boom

Other countries investing money into Canadian resources and industries, (U.S. major investor)

Millions spent on Hydroelectricity

Sale of minerals, pulp and paper, oil in Alberta

Prohibition
Between 1915 and 1917, every province except Quebec outlawed the sale and consumption of alcohol

In 1918, Prime Minister Borden incorporated prohibition into Canada’s war effort

Distillers’ and brewer’ ingredients were needed to feed the troops

Rumrunners Blind Pigs, Bootleggers

illegal methods of selling alcohol

Women’s Temperance Union

Lobbied to ban gambling, drinking, theatre attendance, and public dancing

Why?

Prohibition did reduce alcohol consumption by about 80 percent

Prohibition was unpopular with the voters; besides, governments could raise money by controlling and taxing the sale of liquor

Second, if the world was to be a better place after the war, prohibiting alcohol was seen as one way to achieve it!

First, during the war, using food to produce alcohol for simple consumption was regarded as wasteful

Prohibition in Canada was firmly rooted in the First World War!

Labour Unrest
Work Setting

Terrible conditions

Rich and Poor

Major difference in quality of life

Job Shortage

Extremely high unemployement rates after the war

The Roaring Twenties
Sports

Changes to women’s sports

Post WWI – basketball (Edmonton Grads), contact sports

Prior to WWI – tennis, skating, cycling, fencing

Hockey

Famous Canadian announcer Foster Hewitt – “He shoots, he scores!”

Lionel Conacher: wrestler, boxer, hockey, football, lacrosse, baseball player and trophy winner

Percy Williams: runner, Olympic gold winner

Visual Arts

The Group of Seven

Impressions of the Canadian landscape

Bold, fresh, interpretive, deep colours, vivid light, shade.

Canada’s physical beauty was encapsulated through the work

Realistic landscape paintings

J.E.H. Mac Donald, Lawren Harris, Franklin Carmichael, Arthur Lismer, F.H. Varley, A.Y. Jackson, Franz Johnston

Entertainment

Talkies

Canadian star: Mary Pickford

Formed United Artists with Fairbanks & Griffith

Major stars: Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino, Douglas Fairbanks

900 movies houses in Canada by 1930

Arrived in Canada in 1927

Movie stars

Louise Brooks

Greta Garbo

Clark Gable

Music

Duke Ellington

Jazz

Dances

Shimmy

Tango

Charleston

Technology Improvements

Automobiles – big thanks to Henry Ford!

Sources for news, music and entertainment

Brought Canadians closer together

Radio

Post War Problems

Unions & labour unrest Winnipeg General Strike Women’s rights Persons Case

Influenza – Spanish flu Prohibition Women’s Christian Temperance Union Rumrunners & bootleggers

1930s

Prairies
Arrived in 1931

deep-rooted prairie grasses were gone

Soil blew off fields and farm land was destroyed

Widespread losses of jobs and savings transformed the country

the value of wheat was greatly reduced in the global export market

Agriculture Damage

-Canada’s dependence on raw material and farm exports

Drought had ruined agriculture and kill all farmer's crops

Lack of food and suopply

Pricing for goods skyrocketed

Effects

Families were in shambles as people tried finding jobs

People had starved to death

Millions of Canadians were left unemployed, hungry and often homeless

Indigenous People

Indian Act
Assimilation

Created generations of social and cultural disruptions

Has allowed trauma and numerous human rights violations to be perpetrated against Canada’s Indigenous people

Attempted to destroy Indigenous culture in favour of assimilation

Restrictions

Forced enfranchisement for attending University

Reserve land could leased out by the government

Denied women status

Forced Residential Schooling

Can’t leave the reservation without permission slip from the Indian Agent

Can’t form political organizations

Can’t raise money for land claims

Imposed Band council system

Given European names

Government can confiscate portions of reserves

Can’t enter a pool hall

Can’t speak native tongue

Can’t practice traditional religion

Can’t appear in public in traditional clothing

Cultural ceremonies and dancing are banned; ceremonial objects taken

Denied the right to vote

Significance

Gave Office of Indian Affairs had greater authority to make sweeping policy changes

act creates laws that controls Indigenous people

Truth and Reconciliation
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Encourage those affected to tell their story

Honour the experiences of former students and their families

Hosted national events to spread information and inform students

Provided about $72 million to support the TRC's work

Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement

Accepted by the Prime Minister

the largest class-action settlement in Canadian history, began to be implemented in 2007

94 Calls to Action

Reconciliation

Missing Children and Burial Information

Museums and Archives

Youth Programs

National Council

Equality for Aboriginal People in the Legal System

Royal Proclamation and Covenant of Reconciliation

Declaration on the rights of Indigenous people

Legacy

Justice

Language and Culture

Health

Education

Child Welfare

To redress the legacy of residential schools and advance in the process of Canadian Reconciliation

MMIW
Reports/Government Involvement

Write local, provincial and national authorities

Challenge media presentations

Share the missing persons ALERTS

The RCMP Commissioner Bob Paulson has said “"We are making sure that unsolved cases are reviewed systematically and peer reviewed for avenues of investigation that perhaps have not been seen."

The vision of the RCMP is to promote safe communities in their commitment to preserve the peace, uphold the law and provide quality service

Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC)

Indigenous women only make up 3% of female population

Aboriginal women and girls represented approximately 10% of all female homicides in Canada.

Possible Causes

presumed dead

unknown

runaway

parental abduction — no custody order

parental abduction with a custody order

wandered off/lost

accident

abduction by a stranger

total 1,181 - 164 missing and 1,017 homicide victims.

There were 1,017 Aboriginal female victims of homicide (between 1980 & 2012)

The rate of victimization among Aboriginal females was close to three times higher than that of non-Aboriginal females

67,000 Aboriginal females reported being a victim of violence in 2009

Females represented 32% of homicide victims

Conditions

Supervisors were cruel

Sexually harassed and assualted children

Children were left with scars and life long trauma

NO communication allowed

12 hours a day in class, 6 days a week

Beaten if you spoke any language other than English

Put children with different languages together

Department of Indian Affairs “kidnapped” ALL Native kids

Did not have the right to embrace their own culture

Indigenous people were taught farming techniques and math

Religion was in charge of the schools

1920s-1990s

Lots of suicide

Physical, sexual and emotional abuse

Not much running water

Disease

Fire traps (only 1 hallway)

No heat or ventilation

Under-funded

Handed down clothing with holes, etc.

Bad, rotten, not nutritional food

Over populated classrooms

Poor building condition (shack)

Extreme, excessive punishment

Odour from raw sewage

a child who tried to escape could be arrested without a warrant and sent to the school

as a parent you could be fined or imprisoned for not sending your children to residential school

an officer was enforced attendance; he had the right to enter anywhere he thought there were children

7 to 15 year olds must attend residential school

Reasoning

The Indigenous people and their needs aren’t as important as the settler’s (colonizer’s) needs

They thought their government or religion either didn’t exist or wasn’t as good as theirs

Colonialism

According to the French, Indigenous people don’t have the right to control the land

Controlling the Indigenous people land for their own use

A group of settlers to a place and set up control over the people there

1980-Present

Discrimination
Baltej Singh Dhillion Incident
Montreal Massacre
Immigration
Housing Crisis

1981

Alberta Oil Boom

1970s

Law and Legislatures
Free Trade 1988 Elections

1988

Meech Lake Accord
Elizabeth May

1998

Women in Charter

1980-1982

Trudeau and The Constitution

April 17 1982

Inglis Factory Strike

1983

Trudeau’s Speech
Referendum
Indigenous
Oka Crisis
Berger Inquiry

1970s-1980s

South Moresby, BC
Technology
New Entrepreneurs

1980s-1990s

Computer Moves in

1980s

Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Extremely Important as it outlined the rights and rules the government must follow and operate accordingly
Official Language Rights
Equality Rights
Legal Rights
Minority Language Education Rights
Mobility Rights
Democratic Rights
Fundemental Freedoms
Canadian Bill of Rights

Carousel Movements

Environmental Movement
Canadian Contributions
David Suzuki
Environmental Policies
Indigenous Peoples
Ongoing Issues
MMIW&G
Residential Schools
Feminist Movement
1960s
Contributions to the War Efforts
Suffragettes
The Famous Five
The Persons Case 1929
Black Canadians
BLM Movements
Viola Desmond
Africville
2SLGBTQIA
Acronyms
RCMP and the 1960’s
Canada’s response to Stonewall Riots (NYC)
Toronto Raids (1980’s)

WWII

On May 8, 1945, World War II in Europe came to an end

Later that year, US President Harry S. Truman announced Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II

V-E Day

Major Impacts

Need for workers and economic started to boom

Nations needed to rebuild and replenish what was lost

Scarce resources

Many people left homeless

19–28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine

Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) were around 50 million

70–85 million people perished

The Nuremberg Trials

Permanent international criminal court

Stop to Crimes Against Humanity

Humanity would be guarded by an international legal shield

Prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany

A series of military tribunals, held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II

Holocaust
Stages

3rd and final stage or "solution" – You cannot live at all (extermination)

Concentration Camp

6 million killed + millions of other enemies

Killed by gas in showers or burned in ovens

Two types of camps: work & death

“Final Solution” – outright extermination of all Jews

“Solutions" = sterilization, death

2nd stage – You cannot live among us at all (concentration/segregation)

Registration card in Warsaw Ghetto

Allows for 300 calories a day

Top half gives personal details

Bottom half records death in Ghetto

1st stage – You cannot live among us as Jews (discrimination/identification)

Badges and armbands used for identification

Nazi targets: Jews, homosexuals, criminals, weak, insane, degenerates

Belief that improvements can be made to the human race by discouraging reproduction of people with undesirable qualities or defects

Holocaust: systematic destruction of European Jews by Nazis during WWII

Propaganda
Hitler Youth for after-school activities

Classes in “race hygiene”

Nationalistic approach to history

After Nuremberg Laws, Jews not allowed to attend schools

Propaganda of Allies

Influenced people to buy war funds and support the nation in multiple ways

Showed strength of women

demonstrated strength of allied nations

Motivated all individuals to join the army and serve their nation

Shared hate towards Hitler and Germany

Nazi Propaganda

Germany: Ministry of Enlightenment & Propaganda

Arts and culture were controlled

literature

film

music

Radios, broadcasting

Led by Joseph Goebbels

Master at manipulating

Strategies

Direct Order- Appeals to people’s desire to be told what to do

Patriotism/ National Pride- appealing to people’s love of their nation

Card Stacking- strongly promoting the positive while avoiding any possible negatives

Glittering Generalities- uses broad general positive words

Bandwagon- peer pressure

Name Calling- using put down words for a group or nation (often racist/ stereotypes)

sponsored by governments and political groups

Spread a philosophy or point of view

Total War

Every facet of the nation was involved in the war effort Industries Natural Resources Soldiers Civilians War Time Prices, rationing in Canada

Ipperwash

By 1994, First Nations people occupied Ipperwash Provincial Park

Canadian Gov’t refused to leave in 1945 when the Assembly of First Nations undertook steps to regain the reserve

Received $50,000

WWII- Canadian Army evacuated it in order to set up temporary military training camp

Chippewas shared 6 million hectares of land with Euro. Settlers 1818-1827

Conscription

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, which required all men between the ages of 21 and 45 to register for the draft

Motivated men to go to war

Camp X

Opened just after Pearl Harbor (Dec., 1941)

For Americans and Canadians too

Trained French, and Yugoslav agents in sabotage

For the British Secret Intelligence Service

War time spy training camp

False documents, & costumes, and other personal items to ensure secret agents are never suspected as with the Allies

“Special Training School #103”

Under-cover work in Nazi occupied France

Dictators
Japanese Emperor Hirohito

Add text

Arrested & tried as a war criminal; executed by hanging

Believed in the racial superiority of the Japanese over the Chinese

Alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

Benito Mussolini

Was shot, body dumped in public square, then hung up on a meat hook on display

Declared war on Britain in 1940 (part of Axis)

Goal was to fight communism and democratic socialism

Hitler

Why they liked him

Wanted to expand to the East

Belief that Germany needed to expand – land & raw materials – for survival

Charismatic speaker

Wanted affordable cars for people – helped with the VW Beetle

Liked the arts & sponsored architecture projects

Improved infrastructure of Germany

Why he hated Jews

Believed they were connected to Communists

Believed they were lazy and contributed little in world development

They did not fit into his “master race”- Aryan

Blamed them for Austria’s problems

Nazi Party becomes only legal political party

1933 – Becomes Chancellor

Became Fuhrer of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi Party) in 1921

Became a member of the German Worker’s Party (DAP) in 1919, but left in 1921

Led the Nazi movement

Was a WWI Soldier

Britain

British radar system

Bomber raid on Berlin in retaliation

43 000 perished

Involved Canadian pilots (RCAF)

September 9th, 1939- Canada declares war (Allied forces of Britain and France) 🡪 1937 warning

France

Dunkirk

Historical significance: Brits came to rely on Canadians for naval support (convoys)

340,000 British and French soldiers are rescued from Dunkirk

French troops were overwhelmed by swift German forces, losing many battles

France surrendered on June 22nd, 1940

September 3rd, 1939- France and Britain declare war on Germany

Poland

September 17, 1939- Russia invades Poland (east)

September 1st, 1939- Nazis invade Poland- over 1 million soldiers

Blitzkreig- intense military attack (Luftwaffe, panzers, and Whermacht)

Economic Depression

The Great Depression

people looked for a strong political leader to resolve problems

unemployment rates rise

prices and banks fall

Businesses close

Trades reduced

The Treaty of Versailles

Germany to accept guilt for the war and pay reparations

German land and resources limited, caused Nazi movement

Germany

Allies with Italy and Japan

Hitler building up Germany's army and weapons

Germany were hungry for power

wanted land and power

WWI

Results
Remembrance Day

Every year in Canada to remember the people who died for our country

November 11th is also called Armistice Day- the day the fighting stopped

At 5 a.m. that morning, Germany, with little manpower and supplies and faced with imminent invasion, signed an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside Compiégne, France

At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends

Treaties

The Treaty of Versailles (1919)

German anger led to Nazi movement

100 000 max in army

Navy reduced in size,

Rhineland put under Allied control

Germany ordered to take responsibility and pay reparations

“League of Nations” formed to settle future disputes

Statistics

9 million animals: horses, donkeys, etc.,

Casualties: around 40 million

At least five million civilians died from disease, starvation, or exposure

Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France, and Great Britain each losing nearly a million or more lives

The First World War left nine million soldiers dead and 21 million wounded

Battles
Turning Points

1917: Event 3-Communist Revolution

Zimmerman Telegram

1917: Event 2: Zimmerman Telegram

1917: Event 1: “Unrestricted U-boat” attacks

Italy sees a turning point in 1915

Outcome is significantly altered

Observable moment when there occurs a dramatic change in direction in events

Tactics

War in the Air and in Sea

Cut off resources from being recieved by enemies

British depended on the sea and Germans knew this

Germans had a deadly weapon - submarines

German submarine sank the Lusitania, a British liner in 1915, killing over 1198 people including 128 Americans (U.S. joins war in 1917)

Sopwith Camel - Britain

Zeppelins: Bombs and Surveillance

used to oberserve enemy troops

average lifespan of piolt was 3 weeks

Airel duals

no parachutes

Trench Warfare

Very little resources

Halted by the French, they dug defensive fortifications on high ground

along a long "front" from Belgium to Switerzerland

Consequences

The horrors of the battlefield were bad enough and soldiers had to endure terrible hardships just to live day to day

Trench Foot

Resulted in a "tie"

Niether side could gain territory

Defense stronger than offense

Propaganda used to spread false information

Motivated people to join the army

Schlieffen Plan

Attack both France and Russia

"back door" on France through Belgium

plan failed

Defeat them while they struggled to form their army

Homefront
Halifax Explosion

6 December 1917 - Mont-Blanc collided with the Belgian relief ship Imo

Ended with huge explosion

Mont-Blanc's crew abandoned ship

Fire started

Boat traffic control

Royal Canadian Navy

Royal Navy

Civilians

Frequent collisions between ships

Halifax was the largest city in Atlantic Canada

Ship sailed to and from Great Britain carrying war supplies

By 1917, three years of war made Halifax a boomtown

Conscription Crisis

In the first two years of the war, over 350,000 Canadians had enlisted.

The Military Services Act 1917

Had exceptions

Called all fit males 18-45 to register

Opposed by farmers, Quebec

Initial enthusiasm fading, some soldiers returned home with stories

Women's Role

Wages

Wages allowed independence for some women.

Paid lower rates than men

Many women were paid good wages

What did they do?

More than 50,000 women served during the two World Wars

Women Organizations

On the Farm

Overseas jobs- nurses

Aircraft factories, machine shops, metal foundries, shipyards

30 000 women worked in “munitions” factories

Jobs had to be given back to those men returning from the military

Trade Union decree that women would only be employed for the duration of the war

Women employed to replace men in many sectors of the economy

Before the Wwar

Office work

Nursing

Teaching

Domestic servant

Paying for The War

Victory bonds

government promised to pay back

a bond is a loan

Had to borrow and raise taxes

Overcame the government's ability to pay

The war costed $1,000,000 dollars a day by 1917

War Measure Act

Helped maintain security and order during war times

Gave strong power to prime ministers

The government created the act

Causes
Nationalism

Major Nations

Italy: Recently unified as a country; looking to prove itself

Germany: Navy rivaled Britain; “natural leaders of Europe”

Austria-Hungary: Large empire, strong army, “natural leaders of Europe”

Russia: Big (land)

France: History of "Greatness"

Britain: large navy, empire

"Black Hand” - Serbian terrorist group

Serbians in Austria-Hungary and Serbia wanted to reunite Bosnia with Serbia

Great loyalty to one's homeland

Can lead to feelings of superiority.

Imperialism

The Austrians feared Serbia (allies with Russia)

Serbia feared Austria (terrorism)

The British feared Germany in Africa

Germany jelous of Britain

Britain’s Colonial Possessions - 25% of globe

Land = Power

Big nations competing for land and resources

Alliances

Major Allies

Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

Triple Entente (The Allies) - France, Britain and Russia

Alliances increased change of war starting and continuing

By 1914, major powers were allied with each other

Countries uniting together againsts a common threat

Militarism

Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand armed forces

British feared an attack from other nations

Germany competing with the UK to build battle ships

The building up of arms to intimidate other nations