Categorii: Tot - memory - cognitive - social - metacognitive

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Categorising LLS

Language learning strategies are divided into various categories by different researchers. These classifications include direct and indirect strategies, with direct strategies focusing on cognitive and memory aspects, such as making associations between new and known information and using formulas or phrases for better recall.

Categorising LLS

Categorising LLS

O'Malley (1985)

Socioeffective
cooperation and questions for clarification
Require planning for learning, thinking about learning process, monitoring of ones production comprehension and evaluating learning after an activity is completed
Repetition, translation, note taking, contextualization, elaboration, etc.
Limited to certain learning task consisting more direct manipulation of learning material

Rubin (1987)

Contribute indirectly towards learning
Activities that expose learners to practise their knowledge
Communication
less directly related to language learning since their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning across or clarifying what the speaker intended.

Oxford (1990)

Indirect
Social

The interaction with other learners to improve language learning and cultural understanding

Affective

Emotions, motivation and attitude towards learning

Metacognitive

Controlling own cognition through the co-ordination of the planning, organisation and evaluation of the learning process

Direct
Compensation

Using context to make up for missing information in reading and writing

Cognitive

Making associations between new and already known information

Memory

Making associations between new and already known information through use of formula, phrase, verse