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8. Discourse is a form of social action
7. Discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory.
6. The link between text and society is mediated.
5. Discourse is historical.
4. Discourse does ideological work.
3. Discourse constitutes society and culture.
2. Power relations are discursive.
1. Critical discourse analysis addresses social problems.
Across disciplines
Culture and kinship relations (Levi-Strauss)
Anthropology specifically
Psychology (Freud)
Language (Saussure)
Economy (Marx)
Rejection of the structuralist movement
Earlier 20th century
Religion
Power and justice ways
Gender
Transform social systems
Class
Sexual orientation construct
Race
Reproduce
Economy
Education,
Queer theory and so on
Neo-colonial studies
Post-modernism
Post-structuralism
Critical race theory
Societal issues
discourse affect ideologies
Responsible for power relations
Explores the social interaction which is manifested in linguistic forms
Specific historical contexts
What are the consequences of this positioning?
Whose interests are negated?
Whose interests are served by this positioning?
How is the text positioned or what is its positioning?
text linguistics and sociolinguistics
Sociological variables
Gender together
Hierarchy
Ideology
The notions of power
Three questions
3. Effects:
How is this discourse positioned in relation to struggles at the situational, institutional and societal level?
2. Ideologies:
What elements of members’ resources which are drawn upon have an ideological character?
1. Social determinants:
What power relations at situational, institutional and societal levels help shape this discourse?
Portray discourse
Social structures
Social determinations
Societal level
Situational level
Effects
Determinants
Institutional level
Struggles
(Ideally, naturalized)
Reproductive effects
Structures, sustaining them or changing
Part of a social process
Social practice
Showing how
Concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context.
Situational context
3. Difference and change:
Are answers to questions 1 and 2 different for different participants? And do they change during the course of the interaction?
2. Discourse type(s):
What discourse type(s) are being drawn upon (hence what rules, systems or principles of phonology
1. Context:
What interpretation(s) are participants giving to the situational and intertextual contexts?
Questions which relate to four main dimensions of situation:
4. What is the role of language?
3. In what relations?
2. Who is involved?
1. What is going on?
Text and social structure
Indirect, mediated one.
Members resources
Dialectical interplay
Generate interpretations
Point of view
Formal features
Activate elements
Background of commonsense assumptions
(Part of members resources)
Embedded
Social interaction
Socially operative
Become real
Textual features
Produced and interpreted
Concerned with the relationship between text and interaction.
Ten main questions
The significance and interest of each of these questions are explained by Fairclough (2001c:94-l 16) in details.
most significant for critical analysis:
A. Vocabulary
B. Grammar
C. Textual structures
(and some sub-questions)
asked of a text
find the set of textual features
Types of speech act and the directness or indirectness of their expression
descriptive framework
Features of vocabulary
Punctuation
Turn-taking
Stage which is concerned with formal properties of the text.
Fairclough’s models
Three dimensions
Stages
Three - Dimensional Model
(text, discursive practice, social practice)
Research project
Part of society
Somehow external
(non-linguistic)
Conditioned process,
Disclosing the discursive nature
Language of the mass media
Site where language is apparently transparent
Of struggle
Scrutinized as a site of power
Contemporary social and cultural change
Variety of textual examples
Analyzed to illustrate the field
Social Matrix of Discourse
Orders of Discourse
Ideological and Political Effects of Discourse
Metaphor
The objective is to analyze and characterize the metaphors employed in the discourse sample, comparing them to metaphors used elsewhere to convey similar meanings. The analysis aims to determine the factors, such as cultural or ideological influences, that shape the selection of metaphors
Wording
The objective is to contrast the ways meanings are worded with the ways they are worded in other (types of) text and to identify the interpretative perspective that underlies this wording (Fairclough 1992b: 190-4).
Grammar
Three dimensions of the grammar of the clause are differentiated here: ‘transitivity’, ‘theme’ and ‘modality’
Ethos
Ethos involves not just discourse, but the whole body. Any of the analytical categories listed here maybe relevant to ethos (Fairclough 1992b: 166-7).
Cohesion
The objective is to show how clauses and sentences are connected together in the text.
Interactional Control
The objective is to describe the larger-scale organizational properties of interactions that contribute to the orderly functioning and control of interactions • Exploring topic control: Examining how topics are introduced, developed, and established, and whether topic control is symmetrical or asymmetrical. • Investigating agenda setting: Understanding how agendas are set, policed, and evaluated by participants.
Presupposition
• Are they linked to the prior texts of others, or the prior texts of the text producer? • Are they sincere or manipulative?
Discourse Representation
• What is represented aspects of context and style, or just ideational meaning? • Is the represented discourse clearly demarcated? Is it translated into the voice of the representing discourse? • How is it contextualized in the representing discourse?
Manifest Intertextuality
situated between discourse practice and text, raises questions about the elements involved in producing a text. It focuses on the features that are evident or "manifest" on the surface of the text.
Conditions of Discourse Practice:
• The aim is to specify the social practices of text production and consumption related to the type of discourse represented by the sample. • The analysis explores whether the text is produced or consumed individually or collectively, and if there are distinguishable stages of production
Coherence
The analysis considers the heterogeneity and ambivalence of the text for specific interpreters and the inferential work required.
Intertextual Chains
The objective here is to specify the distribution of a (type of) discourse sample by describing the intertextual chains it enters into, that is the series of text types it is transformed into or out of (see Fairclough 1992b: 130-2).
Interdiscursivity
• Identify discourse types and justify interpretations through text analysis. • Characterize the sample overall in terms of genre and its implications for production, distribution, and consumption. • Determine if the sample draws upon multiple genres.
• Influence of Fairclough's model: Mentioning that this research follows the models of Fairclough (1989) more closely for analyzing the corpus data from women's magazines, but acknowledging that C.D.A. is not restricted to any one particular model and encompasses various interrelated aspects • Values commitment • Justification of analyses
• Categorical and modalized modalities • Deontic modalities • Epistemic modalities
• Features characterizing the drawn styles • Mixing of styles • Styles drawn upon
• Representation of social events • Grammatical metaphor • Representation of processes
•features characterizing the drawn discourses • Mixing of discourses • Discourses drawn upon
•Metaphorical relations • Types of statements • Predominant types of exchange and speech function
• Grammatical relations between clauses • Higher-level semantic relations • Predominant semantic relations
• Ideological assumption • Existential, prepositional, and value assumptions
• Direct and indirect reporting • Attribution of voices • Inclusion and exclusion of other texts/voices
• Genre influences • Mix of genres • Genre chain
• Examining text chains or networks • Framing within social practices • Identifying the social even
Harold Garfinkel.
Ethnomethodology: the link between what social actors ‘do’ in interaction and what they ‘know’ about interaction.
He developed the approach
ethnomethodology
they are alternative ways of saying the same thing.
Contextual factors
Cultural factors
Social factors
Analyzes patterns of communication as part of cultural knowledge and behavior
It consists of four elements
observing actual language use
psycholinguistic limitations
social appropriateness
linguistic competence
states that is
The discourse as a social interaction and negotiation of meaning in the use of language
Identifies three ways of studying signs
Study of the relation signs to interpreter
Semantics
Study of how signs are related to the object to which they are applicable
Syntax
Study of formal relations of signs to one another
Defines it as
The science of the relation of signs to their interpreters
Communication
Context
Meaning
What people do with language and functions of language.
Some authors mention that is:
Labov y Fanshel
Accurately identify the intended meaning of the speaker's utterance and respond to it accordingly.
John Austin y John Searle
Meaning and action are related to language.
Taxonomy of speech acts according to Searle
declarations ( appointing)
Expressives (thanking)
Commissives ( promising)
Directives (requesting)
Representative (asserting)
Examines types of speech acts
verbal duels
greeting rituals
storytelling
based
On a hierarchy of discourse units.
Brimingham University
Coulthard (1975)
Britain Sinclair
Written texts of all kinds and spoken data.
philosophical linguistics
computational linguistics
sociolinguistics
psycholinguistics
Brochures
Cover headlines, etc.
Advertisements
Magazine articles
to which series a text belongs
social relationships
social identities of the interactants
the close examination of interpersonal meaning and in its emphasis on the subject position of language users.
is based on objects, style, concepts and themes
investigated the exercise of social power through discourses.
Cognitive processes related to social practices.
Speech, spoken or written, is manifested
Material accessible to others.
Produced and interpreted by specific people
Institutional and social contexts.
Structured collections of meaningful texts.
